Problematic Clauses in the Drafting of Licensing Agreements
PROBLEMATICCLAUSESINTHEDRAFTINGOFLICENSINGAGREEMENTS
FrançoisPainchaudandPanagiotaKoutsogiannis*
LEGERROBICRICHARD,Lawyers,
ROBIC,Patent&TrademarkAgents
CentreCDPCapital
1001Square-Victoria-BlocE–8
thFloor
Montreal,Quebec,CanadaH2Z2B7
Tel.(514)9876242-Fax(514)8457874
www.robic.ca-info@robic.com
INTRODUCTION
ThefollowingarenotesforthepresentationtobemadeattheAdvanced
LicensingCourseoftheLicensingExecutivesSociety(U.S.A.andCanada),Inc.to
beheldinVancouveronApril19and21,1998.Theyconstituteabriefsummary
ofthekeylegalconsiderationsinthedraftingofthefollowingclauses:Grantof
rights,Fieldofuse,Most-favoured-licenseeandBestefforts.AnnexAA»which
followsisasampleofclausesconcerningeachofsuchclauses.
GRANT
Thegrantprovisionistheessenceofalicensingagreementbecauseit
establishesthesubjectmatterofthelicenceandtherightsthataretobe
extendedtothelicensee.Ifthisclauseisunclearorimproperlyunderstood,it
couldresultinadisputebetweenthepartieswhichmayeventuallyrequirethe
interferenceofthecourts.
Thelanguageusedinlicensingagreementscansometimesbeambiguous.A
termthatisknowntomeanonethinginonecountrymaynotbeknowntohave
thesamemeaninginanothercountry.
1Thisisespeciallytruewhendistinguishing
betweenthegrantofanAexclusive»,«sole»,and«non-exclusive»licence.The
grantofanexclusivelicencecustomarilyprecludesthepossibilityofwithholding
aright.However,insomecountries,theword«exclusive»standingalonecanbe
©1998LEGERROBICRICHARD
*Lawyer,FrançoisPainchaudisaseniorpartnerinthelawfirmLEGERROBICRICHARD,g.p.andin
thepatentandtrademarkagencyfirmROBIC.PanagiotaKoutsogiannisisalawyerwiththe
lawfirmLEGERROBICRICHARD,g.p.andthepatentandtrademarkagencyfirmROBIC,g.p.This
materialwasdesignedforthepurposeofageneralpresentationonLicensingmadeduringthe3-
DayAdvancedLicensingCourseorganizedbytheLicensingExecutiveSociety(L.E.S.ofU.S.A.
andCanada)heldinVancouveron1998.04.Publication225.
1KARNELL,GunnarW.D.andEricM.ANDERSSON,IntroductiontoInternationalLicensing,London,
IntellectualPropertyPublishingLimited,1988,p.21.
ambiguousbecausealthoughitcertainlymeansthatnootherlicenseescanbe
contemplated,itisnotalwaysclearwhetherthelicensorhasalsoreservedfor
himselfanyofthelicensedrights(thisisusuallyreferredtoasa«sole»licence).
Thewords«soleandexclusive»aresometimesusedtogethertodescribean
exclusivelicencebutshouldbeavoidedbecauseinrealitythetermsare
contradictory.Furthermore,atermlike«openexclusivelicence»
2whichis
sometimesusedwillnotnecessarilymeanthesamethingforonepersonasitwill
foranother.Insuchcasesitisessentialtoincludefurtherdescriptivelanguagein
ordertohavenodoubtastothelegalcharacterofthelicencebeinggranted.
3
Thegrantprovisionmustalsoforeseetherighttoeithermake,useorsellthe
licensedproductoracombinationofthem.Whenthegrantprovidesforthe
rightto«make,useandsell»,thepatenteeiscompletelywaivinghisrightto
excludethelicenseefromenjoymentofthepatentedinventionwithinthe
territorytowhichthepatentpertains.
4Itisthereforeviewedasnotnecessaryto
usewordssuchasAhavemade,…lease,…orotherwisedisposeof..»Ifsuchwords
areused,thecourtsmaybeforcedtointerprettheclauserestrictivelysince
therehasbeenadeparturefromthecommonlanguageusedintheseclauses.
5
Hence,itisnotalwayswisetotryandclarifybyaddingmorelegaltermswhich
arenotnecessarybecauseitcouldhavetheoppositeeffectandmaycause
confusion.Iftheymustbeusedbecauseofsurroundingcircumstances,they
shouldbeusedinanon-limitativelist.
Therighttomake,useandsell,althoughoftenseentogetherareseparable.
Howeveragrantthatonlyprovidesfortherighttomaketheproductwouldbe
uselesswithouttheadditionalrighttoeitheruseorsellsuchaproduct.Itis
thereforeverylikelythatwhenthegrantprovidesonlyfortherighttomakethe
product,thecourtswillalsoimplyarighttouseorsell.
2Ibid.(Openexclusivelicencemeansthatthe«exclusivityrelatessolelytothecontractual
relationshipbetweenthelicensorandthelicensee,wherebythelicensormerelyundertakesnot
tograntotherlicensesinrespectofthesameterritoryandnottocompetehimselfwiththe
licenseeonthatterritory,butwherethereisnoindicationthatthepartiesaimateliminating
competitionfrom,forexample,parallelimportersorlicenseesforotherterritories».
3GOLDSCHEIDER,Robert,TheNewCompaniontoLicensingNegotiations:LicensingLaw
Handbook,NewYork,Clark,Boardman,Callaghan,1996-97,atp.70.
4MAYERS,H.R.,andB.G.BRUNSVOLD,DraftingPatentLicenceAgreements,Washington,BNA
Books,1991,p.57
5Ibid.
FIELDOFUSE
Thefieldofuseprovisionrequirescarefulandprecisedraftinginordertoclearly
separatethevariousfieldsofusewhichareoftentoofinelydivided.The
difficultyliesintryingtodividefieldsofuseinareaswherethetechnologiesare
complexandthereisahighpotentialforoverlapbetweenthelicensed
products.Thetaskbecomesevenmorechallengingwhentheusefulnessof
technologyhasyettobeproven.
6
Inordertoavoiddisputes,thelicensorshouldattempttolicenceusesthatare
indeedseparableandnoncompetitive.Aproblemthatmayresultfromthe
inclusionofsuchaclauseinthelicensingagreementisthedivisionofanaturally
competitivemarket,whichintheU.S.givesrisetoantitrustissues.Whenthe
divisionisacommercialoneinsteadofatechnicalonetheinterferencein
naturalcompetitionisevenmoreapparent.Forexample,ifthelicenseeis
prohibitedfromsellingtocompaniesandcanonlyselltoindividuals,heisbeing
refusedaccesstoasubstantialpartofthemarket.Neverthelessthistypeof
separationhasbeenfoundtobelegalbytheUSCourts.
7Furthermore,thistype
ofprovisionrestrictsthepotentialforinitiativeandexpansiononthepartofthe
licenseewhoislimitedtoaspecificuseofthelicensedproduct.Ineffect,it
prohibitsthelicenseefromrealizingthebenefitsofthelicenceincertain
technicalfields.
8
Whenthefieldofusecoveredbythelicenceisnotclearlydefined,thelicensee
maybetemptedtoexploitunexpectedusesofthelicensedtechnologywhich
mightdevelop.Thiswillbedisadvantageoustothelicensorwhonegotiatedthe
originalagreementwithonlyacertainuseinmindandwhoisreceivingroyalty
paymentstoreflectonlythatportionoftheusewhilethelicenseeisreceiving
sufficientlymorethanhebargainedfor.A«fieldofuseclause»shouldtherefore
identifytheprecisefieldagreeduponbythepartiesandmaintaintothe
LicensoranynewfieldsnotforeseenorforeseeableonthedaytheAgreementis
executed.
Restrictionontheuseofaproductwillnotbeinferredifthereisnoexpressterm
intheagreementtoimposeapossiblerestriction.InUnionIndustriesInc.v.
BeckettPackagingLtd.
9,theCourtcametotheconclusionthatintheabsence
6RAMSAY,JohnT.,TechnologyTransfersandLicensing,Toronto,Butterworths,1996,p.1277GeneralTalkingPicturec.WesternElectricCompany304U.S.175(1937)affd.onreh’g,305U.S.
124(1938).
8MEYERS,T.C.,«Field-of-UseRestrictionsasProcompetitiveElementsinPatentandKnow-How
LicensingAgreementsintheUnited-StatesandtheEuropeanCommunities»(1991)12
NorthwesternJournalofInternationalLawandBusinessno.2,p.364atp.366
948C.P.R.(3d)523
ofanyexplicitrestrictions,whenapurchaseracquiresalicenceforapatented
item,heorshereceivesalicencetodealwiththeiteminanyway.
MOST-FAVOURED-LICENSEE
Inthemostcases,thelicensorwhoisenteringintoalicensingagreementshould
doeverythingpossibletoavoidincludingamost-favoured-licenseeprovisionin
theagreement.Thelicenseeontheotherhandwillwanttoincludeaprovision
whereheistreatedequallywithasubsequentlicenseeifnotfairer.Iftheparties
dodecidetoincludesuchaclauseintheagreement,itshouldbedraftedvery
carefully.
InarecentAmericandecision,StudiengesellscheftKohle,m.b.v.HerculesInc.,
10
weseethedisadvantagesthatcouldariseforalicensorwhoincludesamost-
favoured-licenseeprovisioninthelicensingagreement.Inthiscase,theCourt
wasforcedtoconcludethatthelicensorhadbreachedthelicensing
agreementwherehehadfailedtoinformthelicenseeofalicencethathehad
grantedtoasubsequentlicensee.Theoriginallicenseehadmanagedtohave
includedintheagreementaverybroadmost-favoured-licenseeprovisionand
whenthetimecametohaveitinterpreted,theCourtshadnochoicebuttorule
inthelicensee’sfavour.
Thebiggestproblemwiththistypeofprovisionisthatnotenoughthoughtisput
intothecontentandnotenoughlimitationsareplacedonitsapplicability.In
negotiatingthistypeofclausetherearecertainfactorsthatneedtobetaken
intoconsiderationaspossiblerestrictionstotheclausesuchas:
-atimeconstraintcouldbeplacedinthelicence;
-therecouldbealimitationtospecificpatentsand/orpending
applications;
-themost-favoured-licenseeclauseshouldbelimitedtonon-litigation
relatedlicences;
11
-howandwhenthetransferorwillnotifythelicenseeofthedetailsofthe
otherlicence;
-aterritoryorfieldofuseinwhichthefavourabletermsapply;
10105F.3d629(Fed.Cir.1997)11McGURK,MichaelR.,«ProblemsofCarelessDrafting»,LesNouvelles:Journalofthe
LicensingExecutivesSociety,Vol.32,No.3,(1997),p.148
-thedurationofthemorefavourableterms;
-themethodofvaluingnon-cashconsideration(forexamples,cross-
licencesorequity);
-whethertheadjustmentwillberetroactive;
-howtodealwithpriorlicences;and
-howthelicenseewillelecttoacceptthemost-favoured-licensee
clause,iftheadjustmentisnotmadeautomatically.
Ifsuchaclauseistobeincludedintheagreement,thelicensorshouldrequire
thatthelicenseebeforcedtoacceptallthetermsthatappearinthemore
favourableagreementratherthanallowinghimtochooseonlyselectedterms
thataretohisadvantage.
12
BESTEFFORTS
ThedifficultyarisingfromthistypeofprovisionisindefiningthetermAbesteffort»
andindecidingwhattypeofeffortcanbeconsideredasthe«best»effort.
Althoughthistermiswidelyusedinlicensingagreements,theuncertaintyover
legaltreatmentofsuchaprovisionimpedestheabilityofcontractingpartiesto
contracteffectively.
Overtheyears,thecourtshavebeencalledupononseveraloccasionsinorder
tointerpret«bestefforts»clauses.Eachtime,thecourtshavebeeninconsistent
inthetreatmentoftheclauseanditisthereforeimpossibletodeducethe
normalorusualextentoftheobligationplacedonlicensee(orlicensor)whois
boundtoputforwardhisbesteffortinmarketingordevelopingacertain
product.
InBloorv.FalstaffBrewingCorp.,
13theCourtwasoftheopinionthatthebest
effortsobligationwasviolatedeventhoughthesaleofproductwashighly
unprofitable.HoweverinWesternGeophysicalCo.v.BoltAssociates,Inc.,
14the
besteffortsobligationwasheldtobesatisfiedeventhoughnodevicehadbeen
madeorsold.Thiswasduetothefactthatthedevicewasnotmechanically
soundandWesternwasputtingitseffortsintotryingtoimprovethemechanical
12Supra,note1,p.12913601F.2d609(2ndCir.1979)14584F.2d1164(2dCir.1978)
reliabilityofthedevicebeforeputtingitonthemarket.Howevertheeffortsput
intodevelopingtheproductwereseenbytheCourtasbeingsufficienttosatisfy
thecontractualobligationofusing«bestefforts».
InZilgv.Prentice-Hall,Inc.,
15thetestusedfordecidingwhether«bestefforts»had
beenusedwaslimitedtowhethertheproducthadbeengivenareasonable
chanceofachievingmarketsuccess.Thetestusedtobycourtsindetermining
whethertheobligationof«bestefforts»isbeings’tisfiedisasubjectivetestas
opposedtoanobjectiveone.Thistestwouldtakeintoconsiderationthe
potentialitiesofthelicensee’sbusinessandthecircumstancesthatmightariseto
affectit.Thepartywithsuchanobligationcanonlybeaskedtodothatwhichis
reasonabletobeexpectedofsuchpartyunderthecircumstancessurrounding
it.
16
However,someCanadiancourtsindefiningtheterm«bestefforts»incontracts
otherthantechnologytransferagreements,seemtoequatethe«bestefforts
provision»toanobligationto«leavenostoneunturned»tofulfilltheobligationof
thepartysubjecttothebesteffortprovisions.
17Thiswouldimposeatremendous
obligationuponthelicenseetoensurethateverysinglepossibilityforexploiting
orefficientlymarketingtheproducthasbeenthoughtofandthatnoanglehas
beenneglected.Suchanobligationwouldimplyasubstantiallygreatereffortto
begivenbythelicenseethanthatwhichisusuallyrequiredtosatisfythistypeof
obligationbytheAmericancourts.
ImpliedObligationofBestEfforts
Courtsalsohavehadtodecidewhether,intheabsenceofanexpress
obligationtothateffectinacontract,thelicenseeisboundtotheperformance
of«bestefforts»arisingfromanimpliedobligation.Thisissuewasdealtwithin
detailbytheU.S.CourtofAppealsinPermanenceCorporationv.Kennametal,
In.,
18TheCourtacknowledgedthatsuchanobligationhassometimesbeen
inferredincertaincircumstanceswhereforexample«noadvancepayments
weremadeandthelicensorhadtorelyentirelyonthegoodfaithofthelicensee
inordertoreceiveanyconsiderationinreturnforthegrantoftheexlusive
agency.»
15717F.2d671,cert.denied,466U.S.938(2ndCir.1983)16RespirexofCanadaLtd.v.Flynn(1975),22CPR(2d)104(Ont.H.C.)affirmed(1978)41CPR
(2d)74(Ont.C.A.)
17SheffieldDistrictRailwayCompanyv.GreatCentralRailwayCompany(1911),27TLR451
alsofollowedinC.A.E.IndustriesLtd.v.R.,(1983)2F.C.616(F.C.T.D.)
18908F.2d98(6thCir.1990)
Theargumentofthelicensorinthiscasewasthattheprovisionforroyalty
paymentsimpliesabesteffortsobligationbecauseroyaltieswillonlybe
generatedifthedefendantisunderadutytoexploitthepatentedprocess.
HowevertheCourtcametotheconclusionthatasubstantialminimumor
advanceroyaltypaymentprovidessufficientincentiveanddemonstrationof
goodfaithbythelicenseetodevotebesteffortsforthedevelopmentofthe
technology,andthatanimplicationofabesteffortsobligationneednotbe
made.Inaddition,theCourtstated:
Especially,asistrueinthepresentcase,whenaninventorgrantsa
licencetopatentedtechnology,theapplicationofwhichisunknown,a
commitmentonthepartofthelicenseetodevotebesteffortstothe
developmentofthetechnologyisasubstantialcommitmentwhichshould
notbeautomaticallyinferred.
Inlightofthis,itwouldseemthatalicensororlicenseewhowishestoobtainan
obligationofbesteffortsfromtheotherpartyshouldmakesuretoincludean
expressobligationtothiseffectintheagreementitself.
Alternativestothe«Bestefforts»clause
19
Thefollowingaresomealternativesorparticularstobeaddedtothe«best
efforts»clause:
-thepriorityofdevelopingthelicensedproductcanbestatedin
relationtootherproductsandtechnologiesthatarebeingdeveloped
atthetimeofthecontractformation;
-thepriorityofthenewproducttobedevelopedcouldbestated
relativetotheproductlinesofthecompanyintermsofperitemprofit,
salesvolume,historicalimportancetothecompanyetc;
-thelimitationsofthebudgetandworkforceofthecompanycouldbe
statedaslimitationsona«bestefforts»obligation;
-minimumandmaximumcommitmentsofman-hoursandexpenses
couldbedetailed;
-worktobeperformedcouldbeoutlinedinsomedetail,etc.
Itisthereforepreferabletospecifyminimumperformancerequirementsrather
thanbroad,vaguetermssuchas«bestefforts»orworstfortheLicensor,
«reasonableefforts».
19Foranoutlineofthealternativesandexamples,seeSHIFLEYW.andB.J.HULBERT,«Best
effortsmaynotbethebestadvice»,LesNouvelles:JournaloftheLicensingExecutives
Society,Vol.27no.1(1992)p.37
CONCLUSION
Inconclusion,itisimportanttonotethat,whiletheuseofstandardmodelsor
modelclausesmaybehelpfulindraftingagreement,theywillneverreplace
soundjudgmentsandcarefulconsiderationonthepartofthepartiesand
the
drafter(s).Itisessentialtoreadeachclauseandcarefullyadaptittoeach
particularcaseinordertoprovideeachpartywithalicensingagreement
suitableforhisneeds.Remember,aAmost-favouredclause»willalwaysbe
goodfortheLicenseenotsofortheLicensoranditsinclusionorexclusionwill
oftendependonwhoholdsthebetterendofthestick.
*********
ANNEX«A»
SAMPLECLAUSESTOPROBLEMATICCLAUSES
INTHEDRAFTINGOFLICENSINGAGREEMENTS
DEFINITIONS
2.1.1″Affiliate”means,withrespecttoapartytothisLicenseAgreement,(a)
anyEntityinwhichsuchpartyoranyofitsstockholders,directors,or
officershasadirectorindirectownershipinterestoffiftypercent(50%)
ormoreofthevotingshares,or(b)anyEntitywhich,directlyor
indirectly,throughoneormoreintermediaries,controls,iscontrolledby,
orisundercommoncontrolwithsuchparty.Theterm”control”means
possession,directorindirect,ofthepowerstodirectorcausethe
directionofthemanagementorpoliciesofapersonorEntity,whether
throughownershipofequityparticipation,votingsecurities,orbeneficial
interests;bycontract;byagreement;orotherwise.
2.1.7″DerivedMaterials”meansallproductsnoworhereafterproducedby
theLicensor,itsAffiliatesinaccordancewiththeLicensedTechnology
whichincorporateormakeUseoftheProductinitscompositionandall
relatedKnow-how,including,withoutlimitation,alltheproductsnow
knownas[]thespecificationsofwhicharesetoutinAppendix””.
2.1.8″DerivedMaterialsApplications”meansallKnow-howrelatingtoany
applicationofanyDerivedMaterials,including,withoutlimitation,the
listofapplicationsprovidedinAppendix””.
2.1.11″EndUser”meansanyEntitydirectlyorindirectlyauthorizedtoUsethe
LicensedProductsforincorporationinitsownproducts,oranyEntity
licensedtoUsesuchportionoftheLicensedProcessnecessaryto
produceaspecificDerivedMaterialApplicationintheregularconduct
ofitsownbusinessandnotforSaleorlicensetootherEntities.
2.1.12″EngineeringDesignInformation”meansallinformation,manualsand
datarelatingtotheconstructionofthePlantinsufficientdetailto
enablecompetentengineerstosuccessfullycompletethedesign,
configurationandconstructionofthePlantandshallinclude,without
limitation,alltheinformationlistedinAppendix””andshallbe
transferredanddisclosedtotheLicenseeinaccordancewiththe
provisionsofsection.
2.1.15″FuturePatentRights”meansallpatentapplications,patentsand
industrialdesigns(ordesignpatents)whichmaybeappliedfor,owned
orcontrolledanywhereintheTerritorybytheLicensor,withinthescope
oftheLicensedTechnology.
2.1.17″Know-how”meanstheskilloringenuitybaseduponthebodyof
knowledgewhichcomprisesallofthemethods,processes,designs,
engineeringinformation,formulas,manuals,guidelinesandallother
informationanddatarelatingtotheLicensedTechnologyoranypart
thereofwhichtheLicensordevelops,employsinitsownactivities,orhas
availableforUseduringthetermofthisLicenseAgreement.
2.1.19″LicensedProcess”meanstheformulas,processesandmethods
developed,ownedorcontrolledbytheLicensorforthemanufacture,
developmentandproductionofthe[Polymer].
2.1.20″LicensedProducts”meansthe[Polymer]andtheDerivedMaterials.
2.1.21″LicensedTechnology”meansalloftheLicensor stechnology,
intellectualandindustrialproperty,including,withoutlimitation,
inventions,designs,computerprograms,formulas,recipes,technical
data,apparatus,trainingmaterial,operatingandmaintenance
guidelines,procedures,Know-howwhetherpatentableornot
protectibleasTradeSecretsornot,relatingto:(i)the[Polymer],the
productionthereofandprocessrelatedthereto;(ii)theDerived
Materials,theproductionthereofandprocessrelatedthereto;(iii)the
Plantandequipmentinformationrequiredfortheproductionand
manufacturingthe[]andallDerivedMaterials,including,without
limitation,theEngineeringDesignInformation;(iv)theLicensedProcess;
(v)theDerivedMaterialsApplications,theproductionthereofand
processrelatedtheretoastheyexistattheEffectiveDate;(vi)any
ImprovementmadeorcontrolledbytheLicensorrelatingdirectlyor
indirectlytotheLicensedTechnologyduringthetermofthisLicense
Agreement;and(vii)allFuturePatentRightswhichmaybegrantedto
orvesteduntotheLicensorduringthetermofthisLicenseAgreementin
relationtotheabove.
2.1.26″Sale”or”Sell”meansatransactionforwhichconsiderationisreceived
bytheLicenseefortheSaleofLicensedProducts;aSaleofLicensed
ProductsshallbedeemedcompletedatthetimetheLicenseebills,
invoices,ships,orreceivespaymentforsuchLicensedProducts,
whichevereventoccursfirst.
2.1.29″[Polymer]”[Thebaseproductsubjectofthetechnology]meansthe
basic[]materials,knownas”[]”,obtainedbyusingtheLicensed
ProcessandallrelatedKnow-how,including,withoutlimitation,all
specifictypesof[]setoutinAppendix”A”.
2.1.32″Use”meansanyformofpracticeorutilizationoftheLicensed
Technology,theLicensedProcessandtheLicensedProducts,orany
portionthereof.
______________
3.LICENSERIGHTSGRANTED
3.1GrantofRights
3.1.1SubjecttothetermsandconditionsofthisLicenseAgreement,the
LicensorherebygrantstotheLicenseetheexclusiveright(exclusive
evenagainsttheLicensor)to,directlyorthroughanAffiliate:(a)Usethe
LicensedTechnologywithintheTerritorywithoutrestrictionexceptas
providedforinthisLicenseAgreement;and(b)make,UseandSellall
LicensedProductsandDerivedMaterialsApplications.
3.1.2Thisgrantwillextendtoandauthorizethemaking,theusing,theSaleor
othertransferoftheLicensedProductsandDerivedMaterials
ApplicationsthroughanAffiliate,sublicenseeordistributor,andshall
authorizeEndUserstoUseofLicensedProductsandDerivedMaterials
ApplicationstransferredbytheLicensee,itsAffiliates,sublicenseesor
Distributors.
3.3PatentsandPatentApplications
WithaviewtoensuringthattheexclusivitygrantedtotheLicenseeis
maintained,theLicensorshall,immediatelywhensodecidedbythe
Licensee,applyorasthecasemaybe,givetheLicenseethepowerof
attorneytoapplyintheLicensor snameandattheLicensor sexpense,
forallsuchpatents,designpatents,industrialdesignsasmaybe
obtainedfortheLicensedTechnologywithintheTerritorywhichwillform
partoftheFuturePatentRightsasdefinedherein.Intheeventthe
LicensorgrantsapowerofattorneytotheLicensee,theLicensorshall
assisttheLicenseeintheprosecutionofanypatentapplicationsand
shallexecutesuchdocumentsanddosuchthingsasmaybedeemed
necessarytofullygiveeffecttotheprovisionsofthissection,including,
withoutlimitation,securingthesignatureofallinventorsonanysuch
applications.IftheLicensorfailstomaintainanysuchpatents,design
patents,industrialdesignsorotherintellectualpropertyrights,the
Licenseeshallhavetherighttomaintainsameinthenameofthe
LicensorattheLicensor sexpense.
3.4RightsReserved
ThisLicenseAgreementshallnotbeinterpretedorconstruedas
grantingtotheLicenseeanyrights,expressorimplied,toanypatents,
patentapplications,inventions,methods,technicalinformation,
ConfidentialInformation,proprietaryinformation,expertise,know-how,
tradesecrets,orknowledgeotherthantherightsspecificallygrantedby
thisLicenseAgreement.
______________
5.DISCLOSUREOFTHELICENSED
TECHNOLOGYANDTECHNICALASSISTANCE
5.1DisclosureoftheLicensedTechnology
WithinthedelayssetforthinAppendix”G”(andfromtimetotime
thereafter),theLicensorshalldiscloseandprovidetheLicenseewiththe
following:
5.1.1allKnow-howandtechnicalinformationnecessaryorusefultoproduce
the[Polymer]including,withoutlimitation,alltheinformationlistedin
Appendix”H”;
5.1.2allKnow-howandtechnicalinformationnecessaryorusefultoproduce
theDerivedMaterialsincluding,withoutlimitation,alltheinformation
listedinAppendix”I”;
5.1.3allKnow-howandtechnicalinformationnecessaryorusefultoproduce
orcommercializetheDerivedMaterialsApplicationsincluding,without
limitation,alltheinformationlistedinAppendix”J”;
5.1.4theEngineeringDesignInformation;
5.1.5operatingandmaintenanceguidelinesofthePlant;and
5.1.6afirstdraftofoperatingandmaintenanceinstructionsandprocedures
thatareconsistentwiththe[]andrequiredtoachievetargeted
performancecharacteristicsinasafeandenvironmentallyresponsible
mannertomutuallyagreedlevelsofdetail.
5.2DiligentDisclosure
5.2.1AlldisclosureoftheLicensedTechnologybytheLicensorinaccordance
withtheprovisionsofsection5.1above,including,withoutlimitation,the
disclosureoftheEngineeringDesignInformation,shallbemade
thoroughlyandinamannerenablingtheLicensee,itsemployees,
engineersandconsultantstocarryoutthetransferoftheLicensed
Technologyascontemplatedhereinandtosolveallproblemsrelating
totheconstructionofthePlant,themanufacture,productionandUse
oftheLicensedProductsandofallDerivedMaterialsApplications.
5.2.2WithoutlimitinganythingcontainedinthisLicenseAgreementand
duringtheperiodoftheTechnologyTransferPhase,theLicensorshall
providetheLicenseewithalldocumentationandinformationand
updatesintendedfortheUseoftheLicensedTechnology,andshall
makeavailabletotheLicenseebytelephone,facsimileorinperson,
wherereasonablywarranted,theserviceofcompetentand
knowledgeabletechnicalpersonneltoconferwithcompetentthe
Licenseetechnicalpersonnelinordertofacilitatetheexchangeof
information,attheLicensor sexpense.
5.3DelaysintheTechnologyTransferPhase
IntheeventthatanyoftheKnow-howorotherinformation,
documentationordata,whichmustbedisclosedandtransferredwithin
four(4)monthsoftheEffectiveDateinaccordancewiththeprovisions
ofsection5.1andtheDisclosureSchedule(Appendix”G”),isnotso
transferredtotheLicensee ssatisfactionwithinthisfour(4)month
period,theLicenseeshallhavetherighttoretainanamountofoutof
thesecondLicensepaymentinaccordancewiththeMilestone
Schedule(Appendix”E”).ThisamountshallbewithheldbytheLicensee
untiltheexpirationof[]monthsaftertheEffectiveDateandshall
thenbepaidtotheLicensoronlyiftheLicenseeissatisfiedthatatthe
expirationofthiseight(8)monthperiod,(i)ithasreceivedallsuch
Know-how,otherinformation,documentationanddata,and(ii)the
PlantStart-up(asscheduledintheMilestoneSchedule)hasnotbeen
delayedasaresultofanydelayonthepartoftheLicensorinthe
transferthereof.If,howevertheLicenseeisnotsatisfiedthat5.3(i)or
5.3(ii)isrespected,thentheLicenseeshallhavetherighttodeductfrom
suchamount,anamountoftwelvethousandfivehundreddollars
($12,500)perweekuntilitissatisfiedthatithasreceivedallsuchKnow-
how,otherinformation,documentationanddataandthataperiod
equivalenttoanydelayinPlantStart-upresultingfromanydelayonthe
partoftheLicensorinthetransferthereofhaselapsed,andsuch
amountshallservetodecreasethelicenseissuefeespayablein
accordancewiththeprovisionsofarticle7.Theprovisionsofthissection
5.3shallnotapply(i)iftheLicenseeisunabletoassimilatealltheKnow-
howorotherinformation,documentationordataandthattheLicensee
informstheLicensorofsamebynoticeor(ii)iftheLicensorgivesnotice
totheLicenseethatitwillnotmeetthedelayssetforthinsection5.1
andthattheLicensee,atitsowndiscretion,grantsafurtherdelaytothe
Licensor,suchfurtherdelaytobeapplicableonlyifputinwritingbythe
Licensee.
5.4TechnologyTransferTeams-ResponsibilitiesandObligations
5.4.1EachoftheLicensorandtheLicenseewillformaTechnologyTransfer
Teamforthepurposeofensuringthetimelyandefficienttransferofthe
LicensedTechnologyfromtheLicensortotheLicensee.TheLicensor s
TechnologyTransferTeamwillbeconstitutedofpersonswhoareinthe
employoftheLicensororoneofitsAffiliates,whohaveanexpertisein
theLicensedTechnologyandwhoarecapableoftransmittingsuch
expertisetotheLicensee.
TheLicensee sTechnologyTransferTeamwillbeconstitutedofthe
LicenseeemployeesorconsultantswhoneedtoknowtheLicensed
Technologytoefficientlyandthoroughlycarryouttheirrespective
responsibilitiesandhavesignedappropriateconfidentialityundertaking
infavouroftheLicensorandtheLicensee.Itisagreedthatallofthe
personnelofeachofthepartiesincluding,withoutlimitation,the
membersofitsTechnologyTransferTeamshallgivetotheexecutionof
theworktheirhighestlevelofcare,attentionandconsiderationandin
thecaseoftheLicensor,asifthePlantwerebeingconstructed,Started-
upandoperatedbytheLicensorforitsownaccount.
AttachedherewithasAppendix”L”istheTechnologyTransferTeamof
theLicenseeandattachedasAppendix”M”istheTechnologyTransfer
TeamoftheLicensor.Itshallbetheresponsibilityofeachpartyto
ensurethatallmembersofitsteamperformalltheirobligations
providedforinthisLicenseAgreement.TheTechnologyTransferTeam
ofeachpartyshallmeetregularly(butatleastonceamonth)to
coordinatetheTechnologyTransferPhaseandthecarrying-outoftheir
respectiveresponsibilities.
5.4.2DuringtheTechnologyTransferPhase,theTechnologyTransferTeamsof
eachpartyshallhavetheresponsibilitiesascribedtothemasper
Appendix”N”.However,theLicensoragreesthatAppendix”N”shallnot
relievetheLicensorofanyofitsobligationsunderthisLicense
Agreement,including,withoutlimitation,itsobligationstoprovide:(i)
anymodificationoftheEngineeringDesignInformationdeemed
necessarybytheLicenseeinordertobeadaptedtotheLicensee s
specificoperatingconditionsandalloperatingstandardsinforceinthe
TerritoryassuchstandardsmaybedisclosedbytheLicenseetothe
Licensorinatimelymanner(ii)revisionofalloutsidecontractors,
designs,(iii)technicalassistancetotheconstructionengineersduring
theconstructionofthePlantandthePlantStart-up,and(iv)assistance
toestablishalladequateanalyticalmethodsandqualitycontrol
proceduresforrawmaterialsandSulphurPolymer.
5.5TrainingoftheLicensee’sEmployees
TheLicensorshall,withinthetimesetforthinAppendix”G”,fullytraina
mutuallyagreednumberofemployeesoftheLicenseerelatingtothe
PlantoperationsandmaintenancethemanufactureoftheLicensed
ProductsandDerivedMaterialsandtheDerivedMaterialsApplications.
Itiscontemplatedthatsuchcourseofinstructionshallbefirstheldat
thePlantoftheLicensor,oroneofitsAffiliatesandthenbecompleted
atthePlant.AllKnow-how,technicaldata,assistance,andinstruction
tobegiventotheLicenseeshallbeintheEnglishorFrenchlanguage.
DuringthetrainingoftheLicenseeemployees,theLicenseeshallonly
supportthesalaryandthetravellingexpensesofitsownemployees.
______________
6.PLANTPERFORMANCEANDWARRANTYTESTRUN
6.1CompletionofthePlant
TheLicenseeshallberesponsiblefortheconstructionofthePlantin
accordancewiththeEngineeringDesignInformationdisclosedand
providedbytheLicensorwithaviewtoreachingPlantStart-upwithin
eight(8)monthsfromtheEffectiveDateprovidedthattheLicensorshall
havefulfilledallitsobligationsandcovenantsprovidedforinthis
Agreementincluding,withoutlimitation,thedisclosureandtransferofall
theLicensedTechnologyinaccordancewiththeprovisionsof
section5.1.Notwithstandinganythingcontainedherein,theLicensor
shallreviewgenerally,fromanoperatingstandpointandfor
practicabilityoftheLicensedProcess,alldrawingspreparedbyoron
behalfoftheLicenseefortheconstructionofthePlantandtheLicensor
willrecommendallmodificationswhichitconsidersnecessaryinorder
forthePlanttobeconstructedandoperatedinaccordancewithall
specificationsdisclosedhereintoformpartoftheLicensedTechnology
including,withoutlimitation,toensurecompliancewiththeEngineering
DesignInformation.Forthispurpose,theLicensorwillforwardtothe
Licensee,withinfive(5)businessdaysofreceiptofanysuchdrawings,
anycommentsandcorrectionstotheLicensee.
6.2GeneralPlantPerformance
6.2.1.1Withinthirty(30)daysafterbeingnotifiedofPlantStart-upbythe
Licensee,theLicensorshallconductageneralPlantperformancetest
ofthirty(30)daysorsuchshorterperiodasmaybeagreeduponin
writingbytheparties(“WarrantyTestRun”)whichshallmeetorsurpassall
performancestandardsprovidedinAppendix”O”.TheLicensorwill
providetheLicenseewithnolessthan72hoursadvancenoticeofany
WarrantyTestRun.DuringaWarrantyTestRun,thePlantwillbe
operatedandmaintainedbytheLicensee spersonnelinaccordance
withstandardproceduresdescribedintheoperatingandmaintenance
guidelinesprovidedbytheLicensorpursuanttosection5.1.5andinthe
firstdraftofoperatingandmaintenanceinstructionsandprocedures
providedbytheLicensorpursuanttosection5.1.6.
6.2.1.2Notwithstandingtheforegoing,theLicenseemay,atanytime,waivein
writingitsrightstohaveaWarrantyTestRunconductedbytheLicensor
inwhichcasetheLicensorshallberelievedofallobligationsand
liabilitieswithrespecttotheperformanceofthePlant.
6.2.2IntheeventtheWarrantyTestRunmadebytheLicensorfailstomeetall
performancestandardsofAppendix”O”,theLicensorshall:
(a)ifthefailureistheresultofadefaultintheengineeringdesignof
theconstructionofthePlantnotattributabletotheLicensor,then
theLicensorshallidentifysuchdefaultandgivenoticetothe
LicenseeofsameandtheWarrantyTestRunshallbesuspended
untiltheLicenseegivesnoticetotheLicensorthatsuchdefaultin
theengineeringdesignhasbeencorrected,atwhichdatethe
WarrantyTestRunshallresume;
(b)ifthefailureistheresultofawrongfulexecutionofagiven
operationbyanemployeeoftheLicenseeintheoperationofthe
PlantnotattributabletotheLicensor,thentheLicensorshall
identifysuchwrongfulexecutionandgivenoticetotheLicensee
ofsameandtheWarrantyTestRunshallbesuspendeduntilthe
LicenseegivesnoticetotheLicensorthatthefaultyexecutionhas
beencorrected,atwhichdatetheWarrantyTestRunshall
resume;
(c)ifthefailureistheresultofamalfunctionintheprocessequipment
whichiscoveredbyamanufacturer swarrantythentheWarranty
TestRunshallbesuspendeduntiltheLicenseegivesnoticetothe
Licensorthatthemalfunctionhasbeenremedied,atwhichtime
theWarrantyTestRunshallresume;
(d)ifthefailureisnottheresultofadefaultotherthanthose
contemplatedinsubsection(a),(b)or(c)above,thenthe
LicensorshallmakeallmodificationsoradaptationstothePlantor
anypartthereofrequiredtobemadetosuccessfullymeetthe
performancestandardsatitsowncostandexpenseand,upon
completionofsuchmodifications,theLicensorshallhavetheright
toperformonefurtherWarrantyTestRuninordertomeetall
performancestandardsprovidedforinAppendix”O”.
AllthemodificationsoradaptationstobemadebytheLicensorin
accordancewiththissubsection6.2.2(d)andthesecondWarrantyTest
Runshallbeperformedwithinaperiodofthree(3)monthsfromthe
dateofthePlantStart-up.
6.4Warranties,RightsandLiabilitiesonLicensedTechnology
Inadditiontotherepresentationsandwarrantiescontainedinthe
preamble,theLicensorherebyfullywarrantstotheLicenseethe
adequacyandfitnessoftheLicensedProcessandtheLicensed
Technologyfailingwhichsection12.4shallapply.
______________
7.LICENSEISSUEFEES
Subjecttosections5.3and6.3,inconsiderationofthelicensegranted
herein,andservicesrenderedbytheLicensor,theLicenseeshallpayto
theLicensoranaggregatelicenseissuefeesof[]dollars($)in
accordancewiththeMilestoneScheduleattachedherewithas
Appendix”E”.
______________
8.ROYALTIES
8.1EarnedRoyalties
Subjecttosection8.2,inconsiderationforthelicensegrantedinthis
LicenseAgreement,theLicenseeshall,inadditiontothelicenseissue
feesprovidedforinarticle7,paytotheLicensor,inthemanner
designatedherein,anearnedroyaltyof[]ontheLicensee sNetSales
ofLicensedProductsuntiltheearlieroftheexpirationofthisLicense
AgreementorthetimeatwhichthetotalamountpaidtotheLicensor
pursuanttothissection8.1hasreached,intheaggregate,[]dollars
($).
8.2MinimumRoyalties
8.2.1Minimumroyaltiesinrespectofthefirstthree(3)yearsstartingonthe
EffectiveDateroyaltiesbecomepayableinaccordancewiththe
provisionsofsection9.1,shallbecalculatedasfollows:
YearMinimumRoyalty
Firstyear$[]
Secondyear[]
Thirdyear[]
Theminimumroyaltyforeachofthethree(3)firstyears,shallbe
payablebytheLicenseetotheLicensorirrespectiveofroyalty
paymentsforpriorandsubsequentyears.
8.2.2TheLicenseeshalluseitsbesteffortstoexploittheLicensedTechnology
inordertoachievetheminimumroyaltiessetforthinparagraph8.2.1,
howeveriftheLicenseedoesnotachievesuchminimumatanytimein
anyofthefirstthree(3)years,itshallhavetherightatitsownoption
eitherto(i),withinforty-five(45)daysoftheendofagivenyear,payto
theLicensorthedifferencebetweentheroyaltypaidforthatgivenyear
andtheminimumroyaltyrequirementssetforthinparagraph8.2.1or(ii)
terminatethisAgreementupondecisionoftheBoardofDirectorsand
berelievedfrompaymentofsuchminimumroyaltyforthatgivenyear
andfromanyotherpaymentprovidedunderthisAgreement,provided
thattheLicenseewillpaytotheLicensorallamountsdue,andthe
provisionssetforthinsection12.3.4shallapply.
8.3EarnedRoyaltyAdjustments
8.3.1ShouldasubstantialpartoftheLicensedTechnologybeplaced,bya
partyotherthantheLicenseeoranAffiliateoftheLicensee,voluntarily
orinvoluntarily,freelyintopublicuse,theLicenseemaysetoffagainst
anyfurtherroyaltypaymentsunderthisLicenseAgreementany
damageswhichithassufferedorwhichmayreasonablybe
anticipateditwillsufferasaresultthereof,fromthedatesuch
substantialpartoftheLicensedTechnologyissoplacedinpublicuse.
NothingcontainedwithinthisSubsectionshallpreventtheLicensee
fromcontinualUseoftheLicensedTechnologyoranypartthereof
whethersuchpartispartofthepublicdomainornot.
8.3.2Shouldaclaimbebroughtinanycourtorarequestforreexamination
bemadeoftheproprietarynatureoftheLicensedTechnologyorin
accordancewiththeprovisionsofarticle11,allearnedroyalties
payablebytheLicenseetotheLicensor,accordingtothisLicense
Agreement,shallbepaidintoanescrowaccount,acceptabletoboth
theLicensorandtheLicensee,andshallbeheldpendingfinal
determinationofthechallenge.Ifthechallengeresultsinafinal
determinationinvalidatingsuchproprietarynatureoftheLicensed
Technology,allroyaltiesheldinescrowshallbereturnedtotheLicensee
togetherwithallaccruedinterest.Ifallorasignificantpartofthe
proprietarynatureoftheLicensedTechnologyisupheldagainstthe
challenge,theescrowedroyaltiesshallbepaidtotheLicensor.
______________
9.PAYMENTSANDREPORTS
9.1Payments
9.1.1AnyamountduetotheLicensorastheresultofeachSalesofLicensed
ProductspursuanttothelicenserightsgrantedbythisLicense
AgreementshallaccrueatthetimetheLicenseereceivespaymentfor
suchLicensedProducts.Allamountsaccruedforthebenefitofthe
LicensorshallbedeemedheldintrustforthebenefitoftheLicensoruntil
paymentofsuchamountsismadepursuanttothisLicenseAgreement.
9.1.2UnlessotherwisespecifiedinthisLicenseAgreement,allamountsdueto
theLicensorunderthisLicenseAgreementshallbepaidwithinthirty(30)
daysfollowingtheendoftheCalendarQuarterinwhichsuchpayment
accruesortheLicenseeotherwiseincurstheobligationtopaysuch
amounts.
9.1.3AllsuchpaymentsshallberemittedtotheLicensor saddressgivenin
thenotificationprovisionofthisLicenseAgreementortosuchother
addressastheLicensorshalldirect.
9.5Reports
9.5.1EachpaymentmadetotheLicensorshallbeaccompaniedbya
writtenreportsummarizing,insufficientdetailtoallowtheLicensorto
verifyallpaymentamounts,thedatausedtocalculatetheamounts
paid.Eachreportpertainingtoroyaltypaymentsfortheapplicable
accountingperiodshallspecificallyincludethefollowing,as
applicable:
(a)NetSalesamountsandcurrencythereof;
(b)TheexchangerateusedforconversionintoUSdollars;
(c)QuantityofLicensedProductsSold;and
(d)AnyoffsetamountsclaimedbytheLicensee.
9.5.2TheLicenseeshallkeep,atitsownexpense,accuratebooksof
account,usingacceptedaccountingprocedures,detailingalldata
necessarytocalculateandeasilyauditanypaymentsduetheLicensor
fromtheLicenseeunderthisLicenseAgreement.
9.5.3Ifduringanyreportingperiod,noNetSalesareinvoiced,billed,or
receivedandnopaymentisduetheLicensor,theLicenseeshall
neverthelesstimelysubmitawrittenreporttotheLicensorstatingthatno
NetSaleswereinvoiced,billed,orreceivedandnofundsareduethe
Licensor.
9.5.4TheLicensorshallhavethereasonableright,atitsownexpense,upon
atleastfifteen(15)days writtennotice,toaudittheLicensee sandits
Affiliate sbooksofaccounttoverifycompliancewiththetermsofthis
LicenseAgreement.Theauditmaybeperformed,atanytimewithin
three(3)yearsaftertheendofthereportingperiodtowhichthebooks
ofaccountpertain,byanagentoftheLicensor schoice,andshallbe
performedduringnormalbusinesshoursattheLicensee splaceof
businessoratsuchothersiteasmaybeagreeduponbytheLicensor
andtheLicensee.Theagent,attheLicensor scost,shallhavetheright
tomakeabstractsorcopiesofsuchbooksofaccount.
9.5.5Informationgainedinsuchanauditandallbooksofaccountshallbe
partoftheConfidentialInformation.However,theLicensormayreport,
asabulkamount,themoniesreceivedfromtheLicenseeunderthis
LicenseAgreement.TheLicensoragreestoimposeasimilar
requirementofconfidentialityonanyagentappointedbytheLicensor
toconducttheaudit.TheLicensoragreestokeepallbooksofaccount
andauditConfidentialInformation.
9.5.6IfanauditshowsthattheLicenseehaspaidmorethanrequiredunder
thisLicenseAgreement,anyexcessamountsshall,attheLicensee s
option,bepromptlycreditedagainstfutureroyalties.Ifanauditshows
thattheLicenseehaspaidlessthanrequiredunderthisLicense
Agreement,theLicenseeshallpromptlypaytheadditionalamountdue
togetherwithinterestandlatefeesasrequiredunderthisLicense
Agreementforlatepayments.
ANNEX«B»
RELEVANTTERMSOFANOPTIONAGREEMENT
SubjecttotheprovisionsofthepresentAgreementandpaymentoftheamounts
providedforinAnnexA»,theUniversitégrantstheCompanyanexclusive
optionwithrespecttotherightsassignedtotheUniversitéby[]inthe
TechnologywhichistheobjectofaCanadianpatentapplicationfiled
(hereinafter:theApatent»).
ThepartiesherebysetoutthestepstobeaccomplishedbytheCompanyin
ordertosustainitsoptionrightgrantedinthepresentAgreement.Inthecaseof
eachstepsetout,theCompanymustadvisetheUniversité,attheendofeach
step,ofitsintentiontoproceedtothenextsteportoputanendtothe
negotiationandtothepresentOptionAgreement,uponfailuretosendsuch
noticewithineachprescribeddelay,theCompanyshallbedeemedtohave
putanendtothepresentOptionAgreement.
StepOne
TheCompanyshallproceedtoapatentabilitysearchoftheinventionof[].It
willhaveforty-five(45)daysfromthedateofthepresentAgreementto
completesaidsearch.Attheexpiryoftheforty-five(45)dayperiod,the
CompanyshalladvisetheUniversitéinwritingastowhetheritwishestoproceed
tothesecondstepforeseenbelow.
StepTwo
Aftertheexpiryofthelastdelaysetoutinsection5above,theCompanymay
exerciseitsoptiontoacquirealicenceonthetechnologyandthepatentin
conformitywiththetermsandconditionsstipulatedintheLicenceAgreement
annexedtothepresentAgreementasAnnexA3″.
ROBIC,ungrouped avocatsetd agentsdebrevetsetdemarquesdecommercevouédepuis
1892àlaprotectionetàlavalorisationdelapropriétéintellectuelledanstouslesdomaines:
brevets,dessinsindustrielsetmodèlesutilitaires;marquesdecommerce,marquesdecertification
etappellationsd origine;droitsd auteur,propriétélittéraireetartistique,droitsvoisinsetdel artiste
interprète;informatique,logicielsetcircuitsintégrés;biotechnologies,pharmaceutiqueset
obtentionsvégétales;secretsdecommerce,know-howetconcurrence;licences,franchiseset
transfertsdetechnologies;commerceélectronique,distributionetdroitdesaffaires;marquage,
publicitéetétiquetage;poursuite,litigeetarbitrage;vérificationdiligenteetaudit;etce,tantau
Canadaqu ailleursdanslemonde.Lamaîtrisedesintangibles.
ROBIC,agroupoflawyersandofpatentandtrademarkagentsdedicatedsince1892tothe
protectionandthevalorizationofallfieldsofintellectualproperty:patents,industrialdesignsand
utilitypatents;trademarks,certificationmarksandindicationsoforigin;copyrightand
entertainmentlaw,artistsandperformers,neighbouringrights;computer,softwareand
integratedcircuits;biotechnologies,pharmaceuticalsandplantbreeders;tradesecrets,know-
how,competitionandanti-trust;licensing,franchisingandtechnologytransfers;e-commerce,
distributionandbusinesslaw;marketing,publicityandlabelling;prosecutionlitigationand
arbitration;duediligence;inCanadaandthroughouttheworld.Ideaslivehere.
COPYRIGHTER
IDEASLIVEHERE
ILATOUTDEMÊMEFALLUL INVENTER!
LAMAÎTRISEDESINTANGIBLES
LEGERROBICRICHARD
NOSFENÊTRESGRANDESOUVERTESSURLEMONDEDESAFFAIRES
PATENTER
R
ROBIC
ROBIC+DROIT+AFFAIRES+SCIENCES+ARTS
ROBIC++++
ROBIC+LAW+BUSINESS+SCIENCE+ART
THETRADEMARKERGROUP
TRADEMARKER
VOSIDÉESÀLAPORTÉEDUMONDE,DESAFFAIRESÀLAGRANDEURDELAPLANÈTE
YOURBUSINESSISTHEWORLDOFIDEAS;OURBUSINESSBRINGSYOURIDEASTOTHEWORLD