Interim Detention of Infringing Copyright Works


INTERIMDETENTIONOFINFRINGINGWORKSIMPORTEDINTOCANADA

PRELIMINARYVIEWSONSECTION44.1OFTHECOPYRIGHTACT

by
LaurentCarrière*
LEGERROBICRICHARD,Lawyers,
ROBIC,Patent&TrademarkAgents
CentreCDPCapital
1001Square-Victoria-BlocE–8
thFloor
Montreal,Quebec,CanadaH2Z2B7
Tel.(514)9876242-Fax(514)8457874
www.robic.ca-info@robic.com

Textofthesection
1.0RelatedSections
2.0RelatedRegulations
3.0PriorLegislation
3.1CorrespondingSectioninPriorLegislation
3.2LegislativeHistory
3.2.1ListodStatutes
4.0Purpose
5.0Commentary
5.1History
5.2General
5.3Construction:Subsection44.1(1)
5.3.1ExhaustiveDefinitions
5.3.2″courts”
5.3.3″duties”
5.3.4″Minister”
5.3.5″release”
5.4Application:Subsection44.1(2)
5.4.1Applicant
5.4.2HowApplicationismade
5.4.3NatureofEvidence
5.5OrderoftheCourt:Subsection44.1(4)
5.5.1NatureoftheOrder:Subsection44.1(3)
5.5.2Security:Subsection44.1(5)
5.6Conditions:Subsection44.1(6)
5.6.1ImportationintoCanada

©LaurentCarrière,1995.*Lawyerandtrademarkagent,LaurentCarrièreisoneoftheseniorpartnerswiththelawfirm
LEGERROBICRICHARD,g.p.andwiththepatentandtrademarkagencyfirmROBIC,g.p.This
materialisapartofacommentmadeonsection44.1oftheCopyrightAct,whichis
publishedin”Robic-Leger’sCanadianCopyrightActAnnotated”(Toronto,Carswell,1993).This
materialwasdesignedforthepurposeofaconference.Itwasmeantfordiscussionand
doesnotconclusivelystatetheopinionoftheauthororthemembersofhisfirmonthe
subjectmatternordoesitprovideanexhaustivereviewthereof.Publication149.


5.6.2InfringingWork
5.6.3KnowledgeoftheImporter
5.7DutiesoftheMinister:Subsection44.1(3)
5.7.1MeasuresfortheDetention
5.7.2ReasonableMeasurestoBeTaken
5.7.3NotificationbytheMinister
5.7.4Inspection:Subsection44.1(6)
5.8ApplicationforDirections:Subsection44.1(4)
5.9FailuretoCommenceAction:Subsection44.1(8)
5.91.PrescribedDelay
5.9.2ActionbytheApplicant
5.9.3ReleaseWithoutFurtherNotice
5.10FinalOrders:Subsection44.1(9)
6.0CaseLaw
7.0ListofCases
7.1ListofCases-Canada
8.0Authors
8.1Authors-Canada
8.1.1CopyrightIssues
8.1.2CustomsIssues
8.1.3InterpretationIssues
8.2Authors-UnitedStatesofAmerica
9.0ComparativeLegislation
10.0Varia
10.1Articles1716and1718ofNAFTA

§1.0RelatedSections
Section2Definitionsof”HerMajesty’sRealmsandTerritories”andof”work”
Section5Worksinwhichcopyrightmaysubsist
Section13Ownershipofcopyright
Section14Limitationwhereauthorisfirstownerofcopyright
Section27Infringementofcopyright
Section34Civilremedies
Section37ConcurrentjurisdictionofFederalCourt
Section38Ownershipofcopiesandplates
Section42Offencesgenerally
§2.0RelatedRegulations
None
§3.0PriorLegislation
§3.1CorrespondingSectioninPriorLegislation


(1)Section44.1from1994.01.01topresent
§3.2LegislativeHistory
§3.2.1ListofStatutes
(1)S.C.1993,c.44,s.66;C.I.F.1994.01.01
§4.0Purpose
Thissectiongivestoacopyrightowneroritsexclusivelicenseetherightto
obtainanorderfromthecourtdirectingtheMinisterofNationalRevenueto
detainalledgedinfringingworksbeforetheirreleasebyCanadiancustoms
authorities.
§5.0Commentary
§5.1History
ThissectionhasbeenintroducedaspartofParliament’seffortstoliveuptoits
obligationsundertheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA).
Articles1716and1718ofNAFTAsetouttheframeworkbehindsection44.1
Article1718thereofrequiresthatrightholdersbeprovidedwithmeansof
enforcingtheirrightsattheborderandarticle1716dealswithobtaining
interimreliefpendingfinaljudicialoradministrativedeterminationofthese
rights:seetextsofthesearticlesat§10.1,infra.
AsputbyMEADOWS(JamesE.),NAFTA:TheNorthAmericanPositiononthe
ProtectionofIntellectualPropertyRights(1994),2-3TheInternational
ComputerLawyer3,atp.8:
Thefinalprongoftheattackagainstintellectualpropertyrights
infringementistheprovisions,inArticle1718ofNAFTA,forthe
enforcementofsuchrightsattheborder.AlthoughMexicohas
beenextendedathree-yeargraceperiodtocomplywiththe
requirementsofArticle1718[seeAnnex1718.14toChapter17of
NAFTA],theimplementationoftheproceduresrequiredthereby
shouldresultinahigherlevelofcustomsadministration
involvementonthepartofCanadaandMexico,inthebattle
againstintellectualpropertyrightsviolations.Theserequirements
seemtargetedatimplementingauniformNorthAmerican
srategyconsistentwiththeUnitedStatesasincreasinguseof


borderenforcementasamechanismtodiscourage
infringement.
Section44.1oftheCopyrightActcouldbeparallelledwithsection53.1ofthe
Trade-MarksAct(R.S.C.1985,c.T-13):seeRICHARD(HuguesG.)etal.,Robic-
Leger’sTradeMarkActAnnotated(Toronto,Carswell,1984),under§53.1and
TACKABERRY(D.Paul),TheRightsofTrademarkOwnerstoRequireCanada
CustomstoSeizeGoodsHaveBeenStrengthenedbyNAFTA(1994),84The
TrademarkReporter495.
§5.2General
Whilesection44allowsanownerofcopyrightinagivenworktorequestfrom
theDepartmentofNationalRevenuethatageneralprohibitiontoimportthis
workbeimplemented,section44.1permitsacopyrightowneroritsexclusive
licenseetoapplytothecourtsforaninterimordertohavetheMinisterof
NationalRevenuedetainspecificalledgedinfringingworksiftheseworksare
abouttobe,orhavebeenimportedintoCanadabuthavenotyetbeen
released.
Iftheorderissues,theMinistercausestheworkstobedetainedandnotifies
theapplicantandtheimporterofsuchdetention.Theapplicanthasthen
fourteendaystonotifytheMinisterthatproceedingsleadingtoadecisionon
themeritshavebeeninitiated,failingwhichtheMinisterreleasesthe
detainedworks.
§5.3Construction:Subsection44.1(1)
§5.3.1ExhaustiveDefinitions
Sincethedefinitionsoftheterms”courts”,”duties”,”Minister”and”release”
foundundersection44.1ofCopyrightActusetheterm”means”,these
definitionsshouldbeunderstoodtobeexhaustive:seeCOTÉ(Pierre-André),
TheInterpretationofLegislationinCanada,2nded.(Montréal,Blais,1992),at
pp.55-58;DRIEDGER(ElmerA.),ConstructionofStatutes,2nded.(Toronto,
Butterworths,1983),atpp.18-22;PIGEON(Louis-Philippe),Draftingand
InterpretingLegislation(Toronto,Carswell,1988),atpp.32-35.”Courts”,
“duties”,”Minister”and”release”arethereforestrictlydefinedandtheir
conceptshouldnotbeextendedbeyondthetermsindicatedintheir
definitions.
§5.3.2″courts”


Subsection35(1)oftheInterpretationAct(R.S.C.1985,c.I-21)providesthe
followingdefinitions:
“FederalCourt”
“FederalCourt”,meansthe
FederalCourtofCanada;
«
Courfédérale»
«Courfédérale»LaCour
fédéraleduCanada.

“superiorcourt”
“superiorcourt”means
(a)intheProvinceofNova
Scotia,PrinceEdwardIslandor
Newfoundland,theSupreme
Court,
(a.1)intheProvinceofOntario,
theCourtofAppealforOntario
andtheOntarioCourt(General
Division),
(b)intheProvinceofQuebec,
theCourtofAppealandthe
SuperiorCourtinandforthe
Province;
(c)intheProvinceofNew
Brunswick,Manitoba,
SaskatchewanorAlberta,the
CourtofAppealfortheProvince
andtheCourtofQueen’sBench
fortheProvince,
(d)intheProvinceofBritish
Columbia,theCourtofAppeal
andtheSupremeCourtofthe
Province,
«
juridictionsupérieure»ou«cour
supérieure»
«juridictionsupérieure»ou«cour
supérieure»OutrelaCour
suprêmeduCanadaetlaCour
fédérale:
a)laCoursuprêmedela
Nouvelle-Écosse,del’Ile-du-
Prince-ÉdouardoudeTerre-
Neuve;
a.1)laCourd’appelde
l’OntarioetlaCourdel’Ontario
(divisiongénérale);
b)laCourd’appeletlaCour
supérieureduQuébec;
c)laCourd’appeletlaCour
duBancdelaReinedu
Nouveau-Brunswick,du
Manitoba,delaSaskatchewan
oudel’Alberta;
d)laCourd’appeletlaCour
suprêmedelaColombie-
britannique;


(d)intheProvinceofBritish
Columbia,theCourtofAppeal
andtheSupremeCourtofthe
Province,
(e)intheYukonTerritoryandthe
NorthwestTerritories,the
SupremeCourtthereof
andincludestheSupremeCourt
ofCanadaandtheFederal
Court;
d
)laCourd’appeletlaCour
suprêmedelaColombie-
britannique;
e)laCoursuprêmeduterritoire
duYukonoudesTerritoiresdu
Nord-Ouest.

§5.3.3″duties”
Subsection2(1)oftheCustomsAct(R.S.C.1985(2ndSupp.),c.1;R.S.C.1985,
c.C-52.6)providesthefollowingdefinition:
“duties”
“duties”meansanydutiesor
taxesleviedonimportedgoods
undertheCustomsTariff,the
ExciseTaxAct,theExciseAct,
theSpecialImportMeasuresAct
oranyotherlawrelatingto
customs(…);
«
droits»
Lesdroitsoutaxesimposés,en
vertuduTarifdesdouanes,de
laLoisurlataxed’accise,dela
Loisurl’accise,delaLoisurles
mesuresspéciales
d’importationoudetoutautre
textedelégislationdouanière,
surlesmarchandisesimportées
(…).

TheCustomsTariff(R.S.C.1985,c.C-54.01),theExciseTaxAct(R.S.C.1985,c.
E-14),theExciseAct(R.S.C.1985,c.E-15),andtheSpecialImportMeasures
Act(or”AnActrespectingtheimpositionofanti-dumpingandcountervailing
values”;R.S.C.1985,c.S-15)providesfordutiestobeleviedagainstcertain
goods.
§5.3.4″Minister”
Section2oftheDepartmentofNationalRevenueAct(R.S.C.1985,c.N-16)
providesthat:


Departmentestablished
2.(1)Thereisherebyestablished
adepartmentofthe
GovernmentofCanadacalled
theDepartmentofNational
RevenueoverwhichtheMinister
ofNationalRevenueappointed
bycommissionundertheGreat
Sealshallpreside.
C
onstitutionduministère
2.(1)Estconstituéleministèredu
Revenunational,placésous
l’autoritéduministreduRevenu
national.Celui-ciestnommé
parcommisionsouslegrand
sceau

Minister
(2)TheMinisterholdsoffice
duringpleasureandhasthe
managementanddirectionof
theDepartment.
M
inistre
(2)Leministreassuresacharge
àtitreamovible;ilassurela
directionetlagestiondu
ministère.

Subsection3(3)oftheDepartmentofNationalRevenueAct(R.S.C.1985,c.N-
16)furtherprovidesthat:
TheDeputyMinisterofNational
RevenueforCustomsandExcise
isthedeputyoftheMinister,
exercisingpowerandauthority
asifhewerethedeputyheadof
aseparatedepartmentof
governmentchatrgedwiththe
control,regulationand
managementandsupervisionof
dutiesofcustomsandexcise
includingtaxesimoposedbythe
ExciseAct.
L
esous-ministreduRevenu
national(Douanesetaccise)
estlereprésentantduministre
pourlesactivitédedirection,
degestionetdecontrôleliées
auxdroitsdedouaneet
d’accise,notammentlestaxes
imposéesparlaLoisurlataxe
d’accise.Ilexerceles
attributionsd’unadministrateur
généraldeministère.

Rule3oftheOfficersAuthorizedtoExercisePowersorPerformDutiesofthe
MinisterofNationalRevenueRegulations(SOR/86-1066)furtherprovidesfor
thedelegationofthepowersanddutiesoftheMinisterofNationalRevenue
tohisdeputyinregardofcertainprovisionsoftheCustomsAct.
§5.3.5″release”


Subsection2(1)oftheCustomsAct(R.S.C.1985(2ndSupp.),c.1;R.S.C.1985,
c.52.6)providesthefollowingdefinition:
“release”
“release”means,inrespectof
goods,toauthorizetheremoval
ofthegoodsfromacustoms
office,sufferancewarehouse,
bondedwarehouseordutyfree
shopforuseinCanada;
«
dédouanement»
Autorisationd’enleverdes
marchandisesd’unbureaude
douane,d’unentrepôt
d’attente,d’unentrepôtde
stockageoud’uneboutique
horstaxesenvuedeleur
consommationauCanada.

§5.4Application:Subsection44.1(2)
§5.4.1Applicant
Theapplicationcanbemadebyeither
i)anownerofthecopyrightintheinfringedwork,or
ii)theexclusivelicenseeofthecopyrightintheinfringed
work.
Subsection44.1(2)doesnotrequiretheinterventionofallcopyrightownersin
theinfringedworknorthattheapplyingcopyrightownerbetheownerofthe
infringedrightsinthework.Furthermore,subsection44.1(2)doesnot
apparentlyrequirethattheapplicantbeaggrievedbytheimportation,even
thoughitmightbeamattertobeconsideredintheactiononthemerits.
Sinceanapplicationundersection44.1couldalsobemadebyanexclusive
licensee,itconstitutesanapparentdeparturefromcaselawundersection36
oftheCopyrightAct:seeforinstanceI.G.U.(Ingraph)Inc.v.L.B.G.P.
ConsultantsInc.(1990),J.E.-90-1224(Que.Sup.Ct.);Prisedeparoleinc.v.
Guérin,éditeurltéeanunreportedjudgmentrendered1993.07.28bythe
HonorableMr.JusticeDenault,courtdocketT-917-93(F.C.T.D.-Pleadings).
Howeversubsection44.1(2)isonlyconcernedwiththeinterimdetentionof
alledgedinfringingworkswhich,tobemaintained,issubjecttoanaction
beingcommencedbytheapplicantundersubsection44.1(8).
Itissubmittedthatsuchanactionwillstillhavetoconformtotheprovisionsof
section36andthatanexclusivelicensee,alone,willnotbeaproperpartyto
suchanaction,intheabsenceofcorollarychangestosection36,unlessit


canbesuccessfullyargued,fromthenewprovisionofsubsection44.1(2),that
anexclusivelicenseehastheproperstatus.
Inanyevent,theremedyprovidedforbysection44.1isclearlynotopentoa
solelicensee,adistributor(evenifexclusive)ortheauthor(asowner,for
instance,ofthemoralrights).
§5.4.2HowApplicationisMade:Subsection44.1(4)
TheapplicationismadetotheFederalCourtorthesuperiorcourtofa
provinceaccordingtotherulesofthechosenjurisdiction,bywayofawritof
summons,astatementofclaim,anoticeofmotionorotherwise.
Anorderforthedetentionofthealledgedinfringingworksmaybegranted
undersubsection44.1(2)onapplicationbeingmadeonnoticeorexparte,
butinallcasestheMinistermustbeputonnotice:subsection44.1(4).
§5.4.3NatureofEvidence
Despitetheexistanceofanelaboratemechanism,neithersection44.1ofthe
CopyrightActnorArticle1718ofNAFTAprovidesmuchdetailastowhatan
applicantmustproveinordertobesuccessfulinobtainingtheissuanceofan
orderundersubsection44.1(3).Onemaysimplyassumethatanapplicantwill
havetomakeproofofitscopyrighttitleandthethreeelementsreferredtoin
subsection44.1(2).
Presumablythecourtswillrequireanapplicanttosupplyareasonably
detaileddescriptionoftheworkstobedetainedaswellastheirwhereabouts
soastomaketheordereffectiveandcertain.Whatburdenofproofwillbe
imposedbythecourtsfortheseproceedingsisyettobedetermined.It
wouldbereasonabletoexpectthatthecriteriadeveloppedfortheissuance
ofinterlocutoryinjunction(onnoticeorexparte)willalsoapplyto
proceedingsundersection44.1
§5.5OrderoftheCourt:Subsection44.1(3)
§5.5.1NatureoftheOrder
Ifalltheelementsrequiredbyparagraphs44.1(2)(a),(b)and(c)arepresent,
thecourtmaymakeanorderinaccordancewithsubsection44.1(3)which
offersthecourtagreatdealoflatitude.Underparagraph44.1(3)(a)the
courtmayorderthedetentionofthealledgedinfringingworksandunder


paragraph44.1(3)(b).thecourtmayprovideforsuchothermattersasit
considersappropriate.
Thislatitudegivesthecourttheopportunitytoexercisethediscretionrequired
forittotailoritsordersaccordingtothespecificcircumstancesofparticular
cases.Forinstance,thecourtcould,atitsdiscretion,ordertheseizureofthe
alledgedinfringingworksaswellastherelateddocumentationandpermit
theimportertoobtainthereleaseofthedetainedworksonthepostingofan
amountsufficienttoprotecttherightholderagainstinfringement,asis
providedforbyArticle1718(4)ofNAFTA.Thecourtmayalsopermitthatthe
orderbereviewedattherequestoftheimporterasprovidedfotbyArticle
1718(7)ofNAFTA.
Althoughtheorderissuedundersubsection44.1(3)isdirectedattheMinister
ofNationalRevenueandnotatimportersorthirdpartiesthecourtisalsofree
todealwithanyothermatterthatitdeemsappropriate.
§5.5.2Security:Subsection44.1(5)
Subsection44.1(5)entitlestheCourttosubjectitsordertothepostingof
securitytocoveranyamountsthatcouldbechargedagainstthedetained
workanddamagesthatmayresultfromsaidorder.Suchsecurity,whoseaim
istoprotectthedefendantandcustomsauthoritiesaswellastodiscourage
abuse,isdistinctfromthesecuritywhichaforeignplaintiffmaybecalledon
tofurnishtogaranteethecosts;thismeasureoriginatesfromofArticle1718(3)
ofNAFTA.
Therequirementtofurnishsecurityundersubsection44.1(5)appearssimilarto
thatusuallyrequiredbytheQuebecSuperiorcourtwhenissuinginterlocutory
injunctions(seearticle755oftheQuebecCivilCodeofProcedure)yet
differentthantheundertakingastodamagescalledforinsimilar
circumstancesundersection40.03oftheOntarioRulesofCivilProcedureor
section469oftheFederalCourtRules.
Subsection35(1)oftheInterpretationAct(R.S.C.1985,c.I-21)defines
“security”as:


“security”meanssufficient
security,and”sureties”means
sufficientsureties,andwhen
thosewordsareusedoneperson
issufficienttherefor,unless
otherwiseexpresslyrequired.”
«
caution»ou«cautionnement»
L’emploide«caution»ou
«cautionnement»oude
termesdesensanalogue
impliquequelagarantie
correspondanteestsuffisante
etque,saufdisposition
expressecontraire,ilsuffit
d’unepersonnepourlafournir.

Inthatlastregard,referencecouldbemade,asitisforinstancethecase
beforetheFederalCourtofCanada,totheTreasuryBoardManual-
ContractinganditsrelatedContractingPolicyNotice1993-4of1993.03.01as
toacceptablebondingcompaniesortothelistofapprovedguarantee
companiesundertheOntarioGuaranteeCompaniesSecuritiesAct.
TheCourthasthediscretiontorequirethattheapplicantfurnishsecurityand
todeterminetheamountofsame.Futhermore,itappearsthatnothing
preventsthecourtfromrequesting,eitherunderitsinherentpowersorunder
paragraph44.1(3)(b)thattheapplicantalsoundertaketopaythedamages
sustainedasaresultoftheissuanceofanorderundersection44.1.
Afirstreadingofsubsection44.1(5)appearstoindicatethatsecurityhasto
befurnishedbeforetheorderisissued;however,amorepractical
constructionwouldsuggeststhatsuchanordercouldbeissuedbutwould
onlybecomeeffectiveuponthepostingoftheorderedsecurity;alternatively,
nothingshouldpreventtheCourtfromissuinganorderofdetentionproviding
foradelayforthepostingofthesecurity.
Thehandlingcostsreferredtoinparagraph44.1(5)(a)arethoserelatedtothe
i)duties
ii)storage
iii)handling,or
iv)otheramountschargeableagainstthework.
Thedamagestobeguaranteedunderparagraph44.1(5)(b)arethosethat
maybesufferedbythe
i)ownerofthework,
ii)importerofthework,or
iii)consigneeofthework
byreasonoftheorder.
Arguably,asthesubsectionrefersto”any”damages,thosearenotlimitedto
thedamagesresultingfromtheworksbeingoutofcommerceduringa


certaintimebutcouldalsoencompassedamagetothereputationand
goodwilloftheowner,importerorconsigneeoftheworks,providedthese
damagesareconnectedtotheorder.
§5.6Conditions:Subsection44.1(2)
§5.6.1ImportationintoCanada
Theworkstargetedbythissectionarethosewhichareabouttobeimported
intoCanada,orhavealreadybeenimportedbuthavenotyetbeen
released
Theword”release”isdefinedatsubsection44.1(1)buttheword”import”isnot
definedintheCopyrightAct.However,intheCustomsAct(R.S.C.1985(2nd
Supp.),c.1,s.2(2);R.S.C.1985,c.C-52.6,s.2(2)),itisstatedthatforthe
purposeofsuchAct,”importmeansimportintoCanada”.
Thisdefinitionisnotveryhelpful.Therefore,theexpression”toimport”should
beconstruedinitsordinarysense,namelytobringin,tointroducefrom
abroad.WhetherthegoodswerebroughtintoCanadaintransitonlywould
appeartobesufficienttobringintooperationsection44.1:see,forinstance
GramophoneCo.ofIndiav.Pandey(1984),[1985]11F.S.R.(S.C.Calcutta)
ReddyJ.,atp.154.However,Article1718ofNAFTAmakesaspecific
reservationwhereintheContractingStateshavenoobligationtodealwith
infringinggoodsintransit
Section44.1couldbecomparedwithparagraph27(4)(d)whichdealswith
infringementbyimportation.Howeverthelegalremediesflowingfroma
contraventiontoparagraph27(4)(d)areonlyavalaiblewhentheimportation
intoCanadaismadeforthepurposeofsaleorhireintoCanadaofthe
infringingworks,nosuchlimitationisimposedbysection44.1.
Suchimportationisanimportation”intoCanada”andnotintoanother
country,beitanothermemberofNAFTA,acountryoftheWorldTrade
Organization,oftheUniversalCopyrightConventionoroftheBerne
Convention.Itwouldappearthat”Canada”includesthelandmassof
Canada,theinternalwatersandtheterritorialsea.Section3oftheTerritorial
SeaandFishingZonesAct(R.S.C.,c.T-8)readsasfollows:


3.(1)Subjecttoanyexceptions
undersection5,theterritorialsea
ofCanadacomprisesareasof
theseahavingastheirinner
limits,thebaselinesdescribedin
thatsectionand,astheirouter
limits,linesmeasuredseaward
andequidistantfromthose
baselinessothateachpointof
theouterlimitlineoftheterritorial
seaisdistanttwelvenautical
milesfrmthenearestpointofthe
baseline.
3
.(1)Lamerterritorialedu
Canadaestlabandemaritime
comprise,surunelargeurde
douzemillesmarins,entrela
lignedebasedéterminéeselon
l’aricle5etlalimiteextérieure
équidistandte.

(2)Theinternalwatersof
Canadaincludeanyareasof
theseathatareonthelandward
sideofthebaselinesofthe
territorialseaofCanada.
(
2)Estcomprisedansleseaux
intérieuresduCanadalazone
marinesituéeentrelelittoralet
lalignedebasedelamer
territoriale.

Itisworthwiletonotethatsection2oftheaforesaidTerritorialSeaandFishing
ZonesActprovidesthateveryprovisionofthisAct(whichincludesthe
definitionsof”territorialsea”and”internalwaters”)extendsandappliesto
everyActoftheParliamentofCanada,thoughincludingtheCopyrightAct.
§5.6.2InfringingWork
Theworkwhichmaybetheobjectofanorderundersubsection44.1(3)must
meetthedescriptiongiveninsubsection44.1(2).Theworkmusteitherhave
beenmadewithouttheconsentofthepersonwhoownedthecopyrightin
thejurisdictionwheretheworkwasmade,orhavebeenmadeinacountryto
whichtheCopyrightActdoesnotapply.Theimporteroftheworkmustalso
haveknowledgeofthefactthathaditmadetheworkinCanada,itwould
haveinfringedthecopyrighttherein.
Anorderundersubsection44.1(2)isthereforeonlyavailablewhentheworkto
bedetainedfallsundertheconditionssetforthinparagraph44.1(2)(b),
namelythat
a)whereitwasmade,theworkwasmadewithouttheconsentof
thecopyrightownerinthatjurisdiction,or
b)theworkwasmadeelsewherethan
i)inHerMajesty’sRealmsandTerritories,asdefined
undersubsection2(13),or


ii)acountrytowhichtheCopyrightActapplies:see
subsections5(1),5(2)and5(2.1).
§5.6.3KnowledgeoftheImporter
Knowledgeonbehalfoftheimporter(andofnootherperson)isanessential
elementofsection44.1.Theknowledgerequiredbysection44.1appearsto
bethesameasthatrequiredbysubsection27(4):bothrelatetoknowledge
ofinfringement.Theserequirementsastoknowledgeshouldnotbeconfused
withtherequirementofsection39relatingtotheinfringer’sawarenessofthe
subsistenceofcopyrightinagivenwork.
Undersection44.1,theburdenrestsontheapplicanttoprovethatthe
importerknewofthefactthathadhemadetheworkinCanadahimselfit
wouldhaveconstitutedaninfringementofcopyright.
However,subsection44.1(2)mustbereadinconjunctionwithsection39
whichstatesthatifatthedateoftheinfringementcopyrightintheworkwas
dulyregisteredundertheAct,adefendantwillbedeemedtohave
reasonablegroundforsuspectingthatcopyrightsubsistedinthework.Such
deemedknowledgefacilitatestheplaintiff’staskinsatisfyingtheburdenof
proof.Whilesection39deemsknowledgeofthesubsistanceofcopyright,it
doesnotgoasfarasdeemingtheexistenceofinfringementofcopyright
whichistheknowledgethathastobeprovenundersubsection44.1(2)
Theterm”knowledge”shouldbegiventhesenseofnoticeofthefactsthat
wouldsuggesttoareasonablemanthatabreachofcopyrightwasbeing
committed:seeClarke,Irwin&co.v.Cole&Co.(1959),33C.P.R.173(Ont.
H.C.J.)SpenceJ.,atp.181.Forinstance,abookdealershould,beforeselling
animportedbook,makeinquiriesastowherecopyrightliesandwhatrightof
resaleexists.Obviousindicationsshouldnotbeoverlooked.SeeSimon&
SchusterInc.v.ColesBookStoresLtd.(1975),23C.P.R.(2d)43(Ont.H.C.J)
WeatherstonJ.,atp.45.
§5.7DutiesoftheMinister
Asseen,thethrustoftheorderissuedundersubsection44.1(3)isdirectedat
theMinisterofNationalRevenue,whichorderistwo-fold,namelyi)the
detentionofthealledgedinfringingworksandii)thenotificationofthis
detentiontotheapplicantandtheimporter.
§5.7.1MeasuresfortheDetention


Theorderundersubsection44.1(3)directstheMinistertotakereasonable
measuresforthedetentionofthealledgedinfringingworks.However,in
ordertocarryoutitsobligations,theMinistermayrequestadditional
informationfromtheapplicantor,asthecasemaybe,furtherdirectionsfrom
thecourtundersubsection44.1(6).TheMinisterisundernoexpressdutyto
launchhisowninvestigationtolocatethealledgedinfringingworksnorto
takeextraordinarymeasurestosecurethedetentionoftheseworks,savethat
anorderofthecourtshouldbecompliedwithdiligently.
Whetherornorthecourtcanissuea”JohnDoe”typeorderwhenaspecific
importerhasnotbeenidentifiedisleftopentojudicialdetermination:see
section34,supra.
§5.7.2ReasonableMeasurestoBeTaken
Underparagraph44.1(3)(i),theMinisterisonlyrequiredtotake”reasonable
measures”todetainthealledgedinfringingwork,andthisonthebasisof
information”reasonably”requiredbytheMinisterandprovidedbythe
applicant.
Itisnotclearastowhetherornotthepresenceoftheterm”reasonable”will
beinterpretedasreducingtheobligationoftheMinistersincerarelyhass
anyonebeenheldresponsiblebythecourtsforfailingtodowhatisnot
reasonable.IftheMinisterisdoubtfulastohowtoproceedwiththe
implementationofacourtorderundersubsection44.1(2),byvirtueof
subsection44.1(6),theMinistercanturntothecourtfordirection.
§5.7.3NotificationbytheMinister
Forthwithuponthedetentionofthealledgedinfringingworks,theMinister
shallnotifyi)theapplicantandii)theimporterofthedetentionandthe
reasonsthereof.TheMinisterdoesnothavetonotifypossiblethirdpartiesto
theactionortotheimportation,astheconsignee.Thisdutyofprompt
notificationoriginatesfromArticle1718(5)ofNAFTA.
Itistobenotedalsothatcontrarytosection53.1(b)oftheTrade-MarksAct
(R.S.C.1985,c.T-13),theownerofthewaresdetainedisnotamongthe
personstowhomnoticehastobegiven.ThefactthattheMinisterhasto
givenoticetotheimporterforthwithmaybeanargumentagainstthe
issuanceofa”JohnDoe”typeorderunlesstheorderindicatesthatthe
Ministerhastogivenoticetotheimporterassoonasitisidentified,which
identitycansometimesonlybeknownafterthedetentionhasbeeneffected.


Paragraph44.1(3)(a)(ii)oftheCopyrightActdoesnotprovideforthemeans
bywhichtheMinisterwillnotifytheapplicantandtheimporterofthe
detentionofthealledgedinfringingworks.Itisofinterest,however,tonote
thatsection148oftheCustomsAct(R.S.C.1985,c.C-52.6)dealswithproofs
ofservicebyregistredmailorpersonalservicefornoticestobemadeunder
saidAct;furthermore,undersection149oftheCustomsActthedateon
whichanoticeisgivenshall,whengivenbymail,bedeemedtobethedate
ofthemailingofthenotice.
§5.7.4Inspection:Subsection44.1(6)
Accordingtosubsection44.1(6),theMinistermayprovideeitherpartywith
theopportunitytoinspectthedetainedworksinordertogatherthe
informationtheymayrequireforeitheri)substantiatingorii)refuting
applicant’sclaim.
Whetherornottheevidencethengatheredbyanapplicantcouldbe
admissibleinevidenceinotherproceedingsisleftopentojudicial
determination,especiallybearinginmindCharterissuesandpossiblecriminal
proceedingsunderparagraph42(1)(e)oftheCopyrightAct.orunder
sections153to161oftheCustomsAct(R.S.C.1985,c.C-52.6).
Itwouldappearthatdespitetheuseoftheterm”may”,theMinisterhasno
realdiscretiontoallowornotsuchaninspectionifsorequested.Sucha
powertopermitinspectionhasbeengrantedtoensuretheenforcementofa
rightand,asputbyCÔTÉ(Pierre-André),TheInterpretationofLegislationin
Canada,2nded.(Cowansville,Blais,1992),atp.201:”Whenanindividual
satisfyingtheconditionsprescribedbylawforacquisitionofarightappliesto
thebodywhosedutyistograntrecognition,thereisnodiscretion”.Suchan
interpretationinfavourofinspectionasarightcouldbefurtherfoundedon
Article1718(10)ofNAFTAandisthereforeconsitentwiththecontextand
purposeofthestatute.Whatremainstobeseenaretheconditionsthatmay
beimposedbytheMinistertomakesurethattheworksunderhiscustodywill
remainunaltered.
§5.8ApplicationforDirections:Subsection44.1(6)
Theapplicationmadeundersubsection44.1(2)aimsatobtaininganorder
directedagainsttheMinisterofNationalRevenue.Havingbeengivennotice
ofanysuchapplicationundersubsection44.1(4),theMinistershouldbe
allowedtomakerepresentationstothecourtatthetimeofthehearingofthe
application.Subsection44.1(6)furtherallowstheMinistertoapplyfor


directionsregardingtheimplementationoftheordermadeundersubsection
44.1(3).
Whetherornotsubsection44.1(6)allowstheMinistertoapplytoextendthe
twoweekdelayprovidedforinsubsection44.1(8)forreleaseofthedetained
worksisarguableeventhoughinlinewithArticle1718(6)infineofNAFTA.
§5.9FailuretoCommenceAction:Subsection44.1(8)
IftheMinister,withintheprescribeddelay,isnotnotifiedbytheapplicantthat
theapplicanthascommencedproceedingsforthefinaldeterminationby
thecourtofthelegalityoftheimportationordistributionoftheworksin
Canada,theMinistermustreleasethedetainedworks:subsection44.1(8).
§5.9.1PrescribedDelay
Theprescribeddelayisaperiodoftwoweeksaftertheapplicanthasbeen
notifiedbytheMinisterofthedetentionofthealledgedinfringingworks;
therefore,thedelaydoesnotstartwiththeissuanceoftheorderunder
subsection44.1(2),asitmaytakesometimefortheMinistertolocatethe
alledgedinfringingworksandtheimporterforthepurposeofgivingthenotice
underparagraph44.1(3)(a)(ii).ReferencemayhavetobemadetoSection
32oftheInterpretationAct(R.S.C.1985,c.I-21)whichdealswiththe
computationoftimeandmoreparticularlytosubsection32(6)whichprovides
that
WITHINATIME
(6)Whereanythingistobedone
withinatimeafter,from,ofor
beforeaspecifiedday,thetime
doesnotincludethatday.
D
ANSUNDÉLAI
(6)Lorsqu’unechosedoitêtre
accompliedansundélaiqui
suitouquiprécèdeunjour
déterminé,oudansundélaià
partird’unteljour,cedélaine
comprendpaslejouren
question.

Referencecouldalsobemadetosubsection32(1)whichprovidesthatwhere
thetimelimitforthedoingofathingfallsuponaholiday,thethingmaybe
doneonthenextdayfollowingthatisnotaholidayandtosubsection32(3)
whichdealswithdelaysnotexpressedincleardays.


ItisofinteresttonotethatArticle1718(6)ofNAFTAprovidesforthereleaseof
thegoodsfromdetentionbythecustomsadministrationifsuchanactionis
nottakenbyapartyotherthanthe”defendant”,withinaperiodnot
exceeding10workingdaysaftertheapplicanthasbeenservedwithanotice
ofthesuspension.
§5.9.2ActionbytheApplicant
Subsection44.1(8)referstoanactiontobetakenbytheapplicantandno
other,evenifinterestedintheoutcomeofthematter.However,nothing
preventsthisactionfrombeingtakenbytheapplicantandsomeoneelse
(forinstance,aco-ownerofcopyright).Quaereiftheactionoftheapplicant
issummarilydismissedbutcontinueswithrespecttoanotherco-plaintiffwho
wasnotapartytotheinitialapplicationundersubsection44.1(2)?
Itwouldalsoseemthattheactiondoesnothavetobecommencedbefore
thesamecourtasthatwhichmakestheorderundersubsection44.1(3)nor
thattheimportershallbeapartytosuchanaction.However,thisactionshall
dealwiththequestionsraisedinparagraphs44.1(2)(b)and(c),namelythe
infringingcharacteroftheworksandtheknowledgeoftheimporter,even
thoughotherpecuniaryorinjunctivereleiefsmayalsobesoughtinthisaction:
seesubsection44.1(10)infine.
§5.9.3ReleaseWithoutFurtherNotice
Oncethetwoweekdelayhasexpired,theMinisterdoesnothavetogiveany
furthernoticetotheapplicantandmaysimplyreleasetheworks.However,
theMinisterwillnotreleasetheworksiftheorderundersubsection44.1(3)
providesotherwise.
Furthermore,therelease,ifany,willbesubjecttotheCustomsActandtoany
otherActofParliamentthatprohibits,controlsorregulatestheimportationor
exportationofgoods.
§5.10FinalOrders:Subsection44.1(9)
Whereassubsection44.1(3)providesforpreliminaryorders,subsection44.1(9)
providesforfinalorderswhichcanbemadebythecourt.Therearethree
optionsfromwhichthecourtmaychoose:tohavetheinfringingwork
destroyed;tohavetheinfringingworkdelivereduptotheplaintiffashis
propertyabsolute;ortomakeanyorderthecourtconsidersappropriate
underthecircumstances.SeeArticle1718(12)ofNAFTA.


Ifthecourtfindsintheplaintiff’sfavour,theconsequencesfortheimporterof
theinfringingworkscouldbequiteradicalsincetheworkscanbedestroyed,
exportedordelivereduptotheplaintiffasplaintiff’spropertyabsolutely.A
parallelcanbedrawnbetweenthistypeofreliefandthereliefprovidedfor
underothersectionsoftheCopyrightActsuchastherecoveryofpossession
undersection38,thedeliveryupfordestructionundersubsection34(1)and
theimpoundmentundersubsection42(3);furtherreferencecouldalsobe
madetotheforfeitureprovisionsofsections110to116oftheCustomsTariff
(R.S.C.1985,c.C-54.01).
Tocounterbalancetheseprovisions,subsection44.1(9)providesthatifthe
courtsfindsinfavourofthedefendantthen,theplaintiffmaylosethesecurity
ithasfurnishedandcouldalsobesuedbythedefendantforanyadditional
damagessustainedaboveandbeyontheamountofthesecurity:this
measureoriginatesfromArticle1718(9)ofNAFTA.
§6.0CaseLaw
None
§7.0ListofCases
§7.1ListofCases-Canada
Clarke,Irwin&Co.Ltd.v.Cole&Co.Ltd.
(1959),[1960]O.R.117,33C.P.R.173,19FoxPat.C.143,22D.L.R.(2d)183,
[1960]O.W.N.106(Ont.H.C.)
Simon&SchusterInc.v.ColesBookStoresLtd.
(1975),9O.R.(2d)718,23C.P.R.(2d)43,61D.L.R.(3d)590(Ont.H.C.J.)
I.G.U.(Ingraph)Inc.v.L.B.G.P.ConsultantsInc.
(1990),J.E.-90-1224(Que.Sup.Ct.)
Prisedeparoleinc.v.Guérin,éditeurltée
Anunreportedjudgmentrendered1993.07.28bytheHonorableMr.Justice
Denault,courtdocketT-917-93(F.C.T.D.-Pleadings)
§7.2ListofCases-Varia


GramophoneCo.ofIndiaLtd.v.Pandey
(1984),[1984]A.I.R.69(H.C.Calcutta);revd(1984),[1985]F.S.R.136,[1984]2
S.C.C.534,[1984]A.I.R.667,18I.I.C.139(S.C.Calcutta)
§8.0Authors
§8.1Authors-Canada
§8.1.1CopyrightIssues
BURSHTEIN(Sheldon),TheImpactoftheCopyrightAspectsofNAFTAonthe
TelevisionandMotionPicturesIndustryinCanada(1993),35CopyrightWorld
32
BURSHTEIN(Sheldon),ImpactoftheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementon
IntellectualPropertyinCanada,inNewDevelopmentsinIntellectualProperty
(Toronto,CanadianInstitute,1993),ch.1
JOLLIFFE(R.Scott),CopyrightLitigationandRemediesforInfringement,in
DeveloppingMultimediaProductsLegalandBusinessIssues(Toronto,Insight,
1994),ch.XI,atpp.226-228
LANDRY(J.Nelson),Lecontrôledesexportationsillégalesetlesmesures
douanières,inActesdelaJournéed’étudedu15janvier1994del’ALAI
CanadaALENADroitd’auteuretdroitsvoisins:impactdeL’ALENAsurledroit
d’auteur,lesdroitsvoisinsetlesindustriesculturelles(Montréal,ALAICanada,
1994),atpp121-123
NABHAN(Victor),L’accorddelibre-échangeetledroitd’Auteur-perspective
canadienne/TheFreeTradeAgreementandCopyright-Canadian
Perspective(1994),161Revueinternationaledudroitd’auteur98,atpp.148-
153
RICHARD(HuguesG.)etal.,Robic-Leger’sTradeMarkActAnnotated
(Toronto,Carswell,1984),under§53.1
SPRIGINGS(WarrenN.),TheImpactoftheNAFTAAmendmentActon
CanadianIPStatutes(1994),10CanadianIntellectualPropertyReview746,at
p.750
TACKABERRY(D.Paul),TheRightsofTrademarkOwnerstoRequireCanada
CustomstoSeizeGoodsHaveBeenStrengthenedbyNAFTA(1994),84The
TrademarkReporter495.



§8.1.2CustomsIssues
KAYLOR(Michael),SeizuresandForfeituresundertheCustomsActandthe
ExciseTaxAct,inInternationalTradeaftertheElections-AComprehensive
ExaminationofInternationalTradeIssues(Montreal,McGillUniversity,1988)
PRABHU(MohanA.),TheAnnotatedCustomsAct1992(Toronto,
Carswell,1991)
§8.1.3InterpretationIssues
CÔTÉ(Pierre-André),TheInterpretationofLegislationinCanada,2nded.
(Cowansville,Blais,1992),atpp.55-58,201-202
DRIEDGER(ElmerA.),ConstructionofStatutes,2nded.(Toronto,Butterworths,
1983),atpp.18-22
PIGEON(Louis-Philippe),Rédactionetinterprétationdeslois(Québec,Éditeur
officiel,1965),atpp.20-22
PIGEON(Louis-Philippe),DraftingandInterpretingLegislation(Toronto,
Carswell,1988),atpp.32-35
§8.2Authors-UnitedStatesofAmerica
MEADOWS(JamesE.),NAFTA:TheNorthAmericanPositionontheProtection
ofIntellectualPropertyRights(1994),2-3TheInternationalComputerLawyer3
§9.0ComparativeLegislation
None
§10.0Varia
§10.1NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement,Articles1716and1718
Article1716:Provisional
Measures
A
rticle1716:Mesures
conservatoires


1.EachPartyshallprovidethat
itsjudicialauthoritiesshallhave
theauthoritytoorderprompt
andeffectiveprovisional
measures:
(a)topreventaninfringementof
anyintellectualpropertyright,
andinparticulartopreventthe
entryintothechannelsof
commerceintheirjurisdictionof
alledgedinfringinggoods,
includingmeasurestoprevent
theentryofimportedgoodsat
leastimmediatelyaftercustoms
clearance;and
(b)topreserverelevant
evidenceinregardtothe
allegedinfringement.
1
.ChacunedesParties
habiliterasesautorités
judiciairesàordonner
l’adoptiondemesures
conservatoiresrapideset
efficaces
a)pourempêcherqu’unacte
portantatteinteàundroitde
propriétéintellectuellenesoit
commiset,enparticulier,pour
empêcherl’introductiondans
lescircuitscommerciaux
relevantdeleurcompétence
deproduitsportant
prétendumentatteinteàun
droit,ycomprisl’adoptionde
mesuresdestinéesàempêcher
l’introductiondeproduits
importésimmédiatementaprès
leurdédouanement;et
b)poursauvegarderles
élémentsdepreuvepertinents
relatifsàcetteprétendue
atteinte.


2.EachPartyshallprovidethat
itsjudicialauthoritiesshallhave
theauthoritytorequireany
applicantforprovisional
measurestoprovidetothe
judicialauthoritiesanyevidence
reasonablyavailabletothat
applicantthatthejudicial
authoritiesconsidernecessaryto
enablethemtodeterminewitha
sufficientdegreeofcertainty
whether:
(a)theapplicantistheright
holder;
(b)theapplicant’srightisbeing
infringedorsuchinfringementis
imminent;and
(c)anydelayintheissuanceof
suchmeasuresislikelytocause
irreparableharmtotheright
holder,orthereisa
demonstrableriskofevidence
beingdestroyed.
EachPartyshallprovidethatits
judicialauthoritiesshallhavethe
authoritytorequiretheapplicant
toprovideasecurityor
equivalentassurancesufficient
toprotecttheinterestsofthe
defendantandtoprevent
abuse.
2
.ChacunedesParties
habiliterasesautorités
judiciairesàexigerdu
requérantdemesures
conservatoiresqu’illeur
fournissetoutepreuve
raisonnablementaccessible
qu’ellesestimentnécessaire
pourleurpermettrede
détermineravecunecertitude
suffisante
a)qu’ilestledétenteurdu
droit;
b)qu’ilestportéatteinteàson
droitouquecetteatteinteest
imminente;et
c)quetoutretardàadopterles
mesuresdemandéesestde
natureàcauserunpréjudice
irréparableaudétenteurdu
droit,oulorsqu’unepreuve
risqueàl’évidenced’être
détruite.
ChacunedesPartieshabilitera
sesautoritésjudiciairesàexiger
durequérantqu’ilfournisseune
garantieouunecaution
équivalentesuffisantepour
protégerlesintérêtsdu
défendeuretprévenirlesabus.


3.EachPartyshallprovidethat
itsjudicialauthoritiesshallhave
theauthoritytorequirean
applicantforprovisional
measurestoprovideother
informationnecessaryforthe
identificationoftherelevant
goodsbytheauthoritythatwill
executetheprovisional
measures.
3
.ChacunedesParties
habiliterasesautorités
judiciairesàexigerdu
requérantdemesures
conservatoiresqu’ilfournisseles
autresrenseignements
nécessairespourpermettreà
l’autoritéquiexécuterales
mesuresconservatoires
d’identifierlesproduitsen
cause.

4.EachPartyshallprovidethat
itsjudicialauthoritiesshallhave
theauthoritytoorderprovisional
measuresonanex
partebasis,in
particularwhereanydelayis
likelytocauseirreparableharm
totherightholder,orwhere
thereisademonstrableriskof
evidencebeingdestroyed.
4
.ChacunedesParties
habiliterasesautorités
judiciairesàordonnerdes
mesuresconservatoiresex
parte,enparticulierlorsque
toutretardestdenatureà
causerunpréjudiceirréparable
audétenteurdudroitou
lorsqu’unepreuverisqueà
l’évidenced’êtredétruite.


5.EachPartyshallprovidethat
whereprovisionalmeasuresare
adoptedbythatParty’sjudicial
authoritiesonanex
partebasis:
(a)apersonaffectedshallbe
givennoticeofthosemeasures
withoutdelaybutinanyevent
nolaterthanimmediatelyafter
theexecutionofthemeasures;
(b)adefendantshall,on
request,havethosemeasures
reviewedbythatParty’sjudicial
authoritiesforthepurposeof
deciding,withinareasonable
periodafternoticeofthose
measuresisgiven,whetherthe
measuresshallbemodified,
revokedorconfirmed,andshall
begivenanopportunitytobe
heardinthereviewproceedings.
5
.ChacunedesPartiesferaen
sorte,lorsquedesmesures
conservatoiresaurontété
adoptéesexparteparses
autoritésjudiciaires,
a)quetoutepersonne
affectéeensoitaviséesans
délaiet,detoutefaçon,
immédiatementaprès
l’exécutiondesmesuresauplus
tard;et
b)qu’undéfendeurpuisse,sur
demande,obtenirqueles
autoritésjudiciairesdelaPartie
encauseréexaminentces
mesuresafinqu’ilsoitdécidé,
dansundélairaisonnable
aprèslanotificationdes
mesures,sicelles-cidoivent
êtremodifiées,révoquéesou
confirmées,etqu’ilaitledroit
d’êtreentenduaucoursdece
réexamen.


6.Withoutprejudiceto
paragraph5,eachPartyshall
providethat,ontherequestof
thedefendant,theParty’s
judicialauthoritiesshallrevokeor
otherwiseceasetoapplythe
provisionalmeasurestakenon
thebasisofparagraphs1and4
ifproceedingsleadingtoa
decisiononthemeritsarenot
initiated:
(a)withinareasonableperiodas
determinedbythejudicial
authorityorderingthemeasures
wheretheParty’sdomesticlaw
sopermits;or
(b)intheabsenceofsucha
determination,withinaperiodof
nomorethan20workingdaysor
31calendardays,whicheveris
longer.
6
.Sanspréjudicedu
paragraphe5,chacunedes
Partiesprévoiraque,àla
demandedudéfendeur,leurs
autoritésjudiciairesrespectives
révoquerontoucesserontpar
ailleursd’appliquerlesmesures
conservatoiresprises
conformémentaux
paragraphes1et4,siune
procédureconduisantàune
décisionsurlefondn’estpas
engagée
a)dansundélairaisonnable
quiseradéterminépar
l’autoritéjudiciaireordonnant
lesmesureslorsquela
législationintérieuredela
Partieencauselepermet,ou
b)enl’absenced’unetelle
détermination,dansundélai
nedevantpasdépasser20
joursouvrablesou31jourscivils
sicedélaiestpluslong.


7.EachPartyshallprovidethat,
wheretheprovisionalmeasures
arerevokedorwheretheylapse
duetoanyactoromissionby
theapplicant,orwherethe
judicialauthoritiessubsequently
findthattherehasbeenno
infringementorthreatof
infringementofanintellectual
propertyright,thejudicial
authoritiesshallhavethe
authoritytoordertheapplicant,
onrequestofthedefendant,to
providethedefendant
appropriatecompensationfor
anyinjurycausedbythese
measures.
7
.Danslescasoùlesmesures
conservatoiresseront
révoquéesoucesserontd’être
applicablesenraisond’une
actionoud’uneomissiondu
requérant,oudanslescasoùil
seraconstatéultérieurement
qu’iln’yapaseuatteinteou
menaced’atteinteàundroit
depropriétéintellectuelle,
chacunedesPartieshabilitera
sesautoritésjudiciairesà
ordonneraurequérant,àla
demandedudéfendeur,
d’accorderàcedernierun
dédommagementapproprié
enréparationdetout
préjudicecauséparces
mesures.

8.EachPartyshallprovidethat,
whereaprovisionalmeasure
canbeorderedasaresultof
administrativeprocedures,such
proceduresshallconformto
principlesequivalentin
substancetothosesetoutinthis
Article.
8
.Lorsquedesmesures
conservatoirespourrontêtre
ordonnéesàlasuitede
procéduresadministratives,
chacunedesPartiesferaen
sortequecesprocédures
soientconformesàdes
principeséquivalanten
substanceàceuxquisont
énoncésdansleprésent
article.

Article1718:Enforcementof
IntellectualPropertyRightsatthe
Border
A
rticle1718:Moyensdefaire
respecterlesdroitsdepropriété
intellectuelleàlafrontière

 
1.EachPartyshall,inconformity
withthisArticle,adopt
procedurestoenablearight
holder,whohasvalidgroundsfor
suspectingthattheimportation
ofcounterfeittrademarkgoods
orpiratedcopyrightgoodsmay
takeplace,tolodgean
applicationinwritingwithits
competentauthorities,whether
administrativeorjudicial,forthe
suspensionbythecustoms
administrationofthereleaseof
suchgoodsintofreecirculation.
NoPartyshallbeobligatedto
applysuchprocedurestogoods
intransit.APartymaypermit
suchanapplicationtobemade
inrespectofgoodsthatinvolve
otherinfringementsof
intellectualpropertyrights,
providedthattherequirements
ofthisArticlearemet.AParty
mayalsoprovidefor
correspondingprocedures
concerningthesuspensionby
thecustomsadministrationofthe
releaseofinfringinggoods
destinedforexportationfromits
territory.
1
.ChacunedesParties
adoptera,conformémentau
présentarticle,desprocédures
permettantaudétenteurd’un
droitquiadesraisonsvalables
desoupçonnerque
l’importationdeproduitsde
marquecontrefaitsou
d’exemplairespiratesd’oeuvres
protégéesparledroitd’auteur
estenvisagée,deprésenterà
sesautoritésadministrativesou
judiciairescompétentes,une
demandeécritevisantàfaire
suspendrelamiseenlibre
circulationdecesproduitspar
l’administrationdouanière.
AucunedesPartiesnesera
tenued’appliquerces
procéduresauxproduitsen
transit.UnePartiepourra
permettrequ’unetelle
demandesoitfaiteencequi
concernedesproduitsqui
impliquentd’autresatteintesà
desdroitsdepropriété
intellectuelle,àconditionque
lesprescriptionsénoncéesdans
leprésentarticlesoient
observées.UnePartiepourra
aussiprévoirdesprocédures
correspondantespourla
suspensionparl’administration
douanièredelamiseenlibre
circulationdeproduitsportant
atteinteàdesdroitsde
propriétéintellectuelledestinés
àêtreexportésdesonterritoire.



2.EachPartyshallrequireany
applicantwhoinitiates
proceduresunderparagraph1
toprovideadequateevidence:
(a)tosatisfythatParty’s
competentauthoritiesthat,
underthedomesticlawsofthe
countryofimportation,thereis
prima
facieaninfringementofits
intellectualpropertyright;and
(b)tosupplyasufficiently
detaileddescriptionofthe
goodstomakethemreadily
recognizablebythecustoms
administration.
Thecompetentauthoritiesshall
informtheapplicantwithina
reasonableperiodwhetherthey
haveacceptedtheapplication
and,ifso,theperiodforwhich
thecustomsadministrationwill
takeaction.
2
.ChacunedesPartiesexigera
detoutrequérantquiengage
lesprocéduresviséesau
paragraphe1qu’ilfournisse
a)desélémentsdepreuve
adéquatspourconvaincreles
autoritéscompétentesqu’en
vertudesloisdupays
d’importationilestprésuméy
avoiratteinteàsondroitde
propriétéintellectuelle,et
b)unedescription
suffisammentdétailléedes
produitspourque
l’administrationdouanière
puisselesreconnaître
facilement.
Lesautoritéscompétentes
ferontsavoiraurequérant,
dansundélairaisonnable,si
ellesontounonfaitdroitàsa
demandeetl’informeront,le
caséchéant,deladuréedela
périodepourlaquelle
l’administrationdouanière
prendradesmesures.

3.EachPartyshallprovidethat
itscompetentauthoritiesshall
havetheauthoritytorequirean
applicantunderparagraph1to
provideasecurityorequivalent
assurancesufficienttoprotect
thedefendantandthe
competentauthoritiesandto
preventabuse.Suchsecurityor
equivalentassuranceshallnot
unreasonablydeterrecourseto
theseprocedures.
3
.ChacunedesPartiesferaen
sortequesesautorités
compétentessoienthabilitées
àexigerd’unrequérant,au
sensduparagraphe1,qu’il
fournisseunegarantieouune
cautionéquivalentesuffisante
pourprotégerledéfendeuret
lesautoritéscompétenteset
prévenirlesabus.Cette
garantieoucaution
équivalentenedécouragera
pasindûmentlerecoursàces
procédures.


4.EachPartyshallprovidethat,
wherepursuanttoan
applicationunderprocedures
adoptedpursuanttothisArticle,
itscustomsadministration
suspendsthereleaseofgoods
involvingindustrialdesigns,
patents,integratedcircuitsor
tradesecretsintofreecirculation
onthebasisofadecisionother
thanbyajudicialorother
independentauthority,andthe
periodprovidedforin
paragraphs6through8has
expiredwithoutthegrantingof
provisionalreliefbytheduly
empoweredauthority,and
providedthatallother
conditionsforimportationhave
beencompliedwith,theowner,
importerorconsigneeofsuch
goodsshallbeentitledtotheir
releaseonthepostingofa
securityinanamountsufficient
toprotecttherightholder
againstanyinfringement.
Paymentofsuchsecurityshall
notprejudiceanyotherremedy
availabletotherightholder,it
beingunderstoodthatthe
securityshallbereleasedifthe
rightholderfailstopursueitsright
ofactionwithinareasonable
periodoftime.
4
.ChacunedesPartiesferaen
sorteque,danslescasoù,àla
suited’unedemande
présentéeconformémentaux
procéduresadoptéesautitre
duprésentarticle,son
administrationdouanièrea
suspendulamiseenlibre
circulationdeproduits
comprenantdesdessinsou
modèlesindustriels,des
brevets,descircuitsintégrésou
dessecretscommerciaux,sur
labased’unedécision
n’émanantpasd’uneautorité
judiciaireoud’uneautre
autoritéindépendante,etoùle
délaiprévuauxparagraphes6
à8estarrivéàexpirationsans
quel’autoritédûmenthabilitée
àceteffetaitaccordéde
réparationprovisoire,etsous
réservequetouteslesautres
conditionsfixéespour
l’importationaientétéremplies,
lepropriétaire,l’importateurou
ledestinatairedecesproduits
aitlafacultédelesfairemettre
enlibrecirculation,moyennant
ledépôtd’unegarantiedontle
montantserasuffisantpour
protégerledétenteurdudroit
detouteatteinteàsondroit.
Leversementdelagarantiene
préjudicieraàaucundes
autresrecoursoffertsau
détenteurdudroit,étant
entenduquelagarantiesera
libéréesicelui-cinefaitpas
valoirsondroitd’engagerune
actionenjusticedansundélai
raisonnable.



5.EachPartyshallprovidethat
itscustomsadministrationshall
promptlynotifytheimporterand
theapplicantwhenthecustoms
administrationsuspendsthe
releaseofgoodspursuantto
paragraph1.
5
.ChacunedesPartiesferaen
sortequesonadministration
douanièreavisedansles
moindresdélaisl’importateuret
lerequérantdelasuspension
delamiseenlibrecirculation
desproduitsdécidéeaux
termesduparagraphe1.

6.EachPartyshallprovidethat
itscustomsadministrationshall
releasegoodsfromsuspensionif,
withinaperiodnotexceeding10
workingdaysaftertheapplicant
underparagraph1hasbeen
servednoticeofthesuspension,
thecustomsadministrationhas
notbeeninformedthat:
(a)apartyotherthanthe
defendanthasinitiated
proceedingsleadingtoa
decisiononthemeritsofthe
case,or
(b)acompetentauthorityhas
takenprovisionalmeasures
prolongingthesuspension,
providedthatallother
conditionsforimportationor
exportationhavebeenmet.
EachPartyshallprovidethat,in
appropriatecases,thecustoms
administrationmayextendthe
suspensionbyanother10
workingdays.
6
.ChacunedesPartiesferaen
sortequesonadministration
douanièreremettelesproduits
enlibrecirculationsi,dansun
délainedépassantpas10jours
ouvrablesaprèsquele
requérantviséauparagraphe
1auraétéavisédela
suspension,l’administration
douanièren’apasétéinformée
a)qu’uneprocédure
conduisantàunedécisionsur
lefondaétéengagéeparune
partieautrequeledéfendeur,
ou
b)qu’uneautoritécompétente
aprisdesmesures
conservatoiresprolongeantla
suspension,sousréserveque
touteslesautresconditions
fixéespourl’importationou
l’exportationaientétéremplies.
ChacunedesPartiesprévoira
que,danslescasappropriés,
l’administrationdouanière
pourraprorogercedélaide10
joursouvrables.


7.EachPartyshallprovidethatif
proceedingsleadingtoa
decisiononthemeritsofthe
casehavebeeninitiated,a
review,includingarighttobe
heard,shalltakeplaceon
requestofthedefendantwitha
viewtodeciding,withina
reasonableperiod,whether
thesemeasuresshallbe
modified,revokedorconfirmed.
7
.ChacunedesPartiesferaen
sorteque,siuneprocédure
conduisantàunedécisionsur
lefondaétéengagée,un
examencomportantledroit
d’êtreentenduaitlieuàla
demandedudéfendeur,afin
qu’ilsoitdécidédansundélai
raisonnablesicesmesures
serontmodifiées,révoquéesou
confirmées.

8.Notwithstandingparagraphs6
and7,wherethesuspensionof
thereleaseofgoodsiscarried
outorcontinuedinaccordance
withaprovisionaljudicial
measure,Article1716(6)shall
apply.
8
.Nonobstantlesparagraphes
6et7,danslescasoùla
suspensiondelamiseenlibre
circulationdesproduitsest
exécutéeoumaintenue
conformémentàunemesure
judiciaireconservatoire,le
paragraphe1716(6)
s’appliquera.

9.EachPartyshallprovidethat
itscompetentauthoritiesshall
havetheauthoritytoorderthe
applicantunderparagraph1to
paytheimporter,theconsignee
andtheownerofthegoods
appropriatecompensationfor
anyinjurycausedtothem
throughthewrongfuldetention
ofgoodsorthroughthe
detentionofgoodsreleased
pursuanttoparagraph6.
9
.ChacunedesPartieprévoira
quesesautoritéscompétentes
seronthabilitéesàordonnerau
requérant,envertudu
paragraphe1,deverserà
l’importateur,audestinataireet
aupropriétairedeproduitsun
dédommagementapproprié
enréparationdetout
préjudicequileurauraété
causédufaitdelarétention
injustifiéedeproduitsoudela
rétentiondeproduitsremisen
librecirculationconformément
auparagraphe6.


10.Withoutprejudicetothe
protectionofconfidential
information,eachPartyshall
providethatitscompetent
authoritiesshallhavethe
authoritytogivetherightholder
sufficientopportunitytohave
anygoodsdetainedbythe
customsadministration
inspectedinorderto
substantiatetherightholder’s
claims.EachPartyshallalso
providethatitscompetent
authoritieshavetheauthorityto
givetheimporteranequivalent
opportunitytohaveanysuch
goodsinspected.Wherethe
competentauthoritieshave
madeapositivedetermination
onthemeritsofacase,aParty
mayprovidethecompetent
authoritiestheauthoritytoinform
therightholderofthenames
andaddressesoftheconsignor,
theimporterandtheconsignee,
andofthequantityofthegoods
inquestion.
1
0.Sanspréjudicedela
protectiondesrenseignements
confidentiels,chacunedes
Partiesprévoiraqueses
autoritéscompétentesseront
habilitéesàménagerau
détenteurdudroitune
possibilitésuffisantedefaire
inspectertoutproduitretenu
parl’administrationdouanière
afind’établirlebien-fondéde
sesallégations.Lesautorités
compétentesserontaussi
habilitéesàménagerà
l’importateurunepossibilité
équivalentedefaireinspecter
untelproduit.Danslescasoù
unedéterminationpositive
auraétéétabliequantaufond
parlesautoritéscompétentes,
unePartiepourrahabiliter
celles-ciàinformerledétenteur
dudroitdesnomsetadresses
del’expéditeur,de
l’importateuretdudestinataire,
ainsiquedelaquantitédes
produitsenquestion.


11.WhereaPartyrequiresits
competentauthoritiestoacton
theirowninitiativeandto
suspendthereleaseofgoodsin
respectofwhichtheyhave
acquiredprimafacieevidence
thatanintellectualpropertyright
isbeinginfringed:
(a)thecompetentauthorities
mayatanytimeseekfromthe
rightholderanyinformationthat
mayassistthemtoexercisethese
powers;
(b)theimporterandtheright
holdershallbepromptlynotified
ofthesuspensionbytheParty’s
competentauthorities,and
wheretheimporterlodgesan
appealagainstthesuspension
withcompetentauthorities,the
suspensionshallbesubjecttothe
conditions,withsuch
modificationsasmaybe
necessary,setoutinparagraphs
6through8;and
(c)thePartyshallonlyexempt
bothpublicauthoritiesand
officialsfromliabilityto
appropriateremedialmeasures
whereactionsaretakenor
intendedingoodfaith.
1
1.DanslescasoùunePartie
exigedesautorités
compétentesqu’ellesagissent
deleurpropreinitiativeet
suspendentlamiseenlibre
circulationdeproduitspour
lesquelsellesontdes
présomptionsdepreuvequ’ils
portentatteinteàundroitde
propriétéintellectuelle,
a)lesautoritéscompétentes
pourrontàtoutmoment
demanderaudétenteurdu
droittoutrenseignementqui
pourraitlesaiderdans
l’exercicedeleurspouvoirs;
b)l’importateuretledétenteur
dudroitserontavisésdela
suspensiondanslesmoindres
délaisparlesautorités
compétentesdelaPartie;dans
lescasoùl’importateuraura
faitappeldelasuspension
auprèsdesautorités
compétentes,celle-cisera
soumise,aprèsles
modificationspouvantêtre
nécessaires,auxconditions
énoncéesauxparagraphes6à
8;et
c)laPartienedégagerales
autoritésetagentspublicsde
l’obligationdeprendredes
mesurescorrectives
appropriéesquedanslescas
oùilsaurontagioueu
l’intentiond’agirdebonnefoi.


12.Withoutprejudicetoother
rightsofactionopentotheright
holderandsubjecttothe
defendant’srighttoseekjudicial
review,eachPartyshallprovide
thatitscompetentauthorities
shallhavetheauthoritytoorder
thedestructionordisposalof
infringinggoodsinaccordance
withtheprinciplessetoutin
Article1715(5).Inregardto
counterfeitgoods,theauthorities
shallnotallowthere-exportation
oftheinfringinggoodsinan
unalteredstateorsubjectthem
toadifferentcustoms
procedure,otherthanin
exceptionalcircumstances.
1
2.Sanspréjudicedesautres
droitsd’engageruneaction
qu’aledétenteurdudroitet
sousréservedudroitdu
défendeurdedemanderun
examenjudiciaire,chacune
desPartiesprévoiraqueses
autoritéscompétentesseront
habilitéesàordonnerla
destructionoulamisehors
circuitdeproduitsportant
atteinteàundroit,
conformémentauxprincipes
énoncésauparagraphe
1715(5).Pourcequiestdes
produitsdecontrefaçon,les
autoritésnepermettrontpasla
réexportationenl’étatdes
produitsencause,nineles
assujettirontàunautrerégime
douanier,saufdansdes
circonstancesexceptionnelles.

13.APartymayexcludefromthe
applicationofparagraphs1
through12smallquantitiesof
goodsofanon-commercial
naturecontainedintravellers’
personalluggageorsentinsmall
consignmentsthatarenot
repetitive.
1
3.UnePartiepourraexempter
del’applicationdes
paragraphes1à12lesproduits
sanscaractèrecommercial
contenusenpetitesquantités
danslesbagagespersonnels
desvoyageursouexpédiésen
petitsenvoisnonrépétitifs.

14.Annex1718.14appliestothe
PartiesspecifiedinthatAnnex.
1
4.L’annexe1718.14s’applique
auxPartiesquiysontvisées.



ROBIC,ungrouped’avocatsetd’agentsdebrevetsetdemarquesdecommercevoué
depuis1892àlaprotectionetàlavalorisationdelapropriétéintellectuelledanstousles
domaines:brevets,dessinsindustrielsetmodèlesutilitaires;marquesdecommerce,marques
decertificationetappellationsd’origine;droitsd’auteur,propriétélittéraireetartistique,
droitsvoisinsetdel’artisteinterprète;informatique,logicielsetcircuitsintégrés;
biotechnologies,pharmaceutiquesetobtentionsvégétales;secretsdecommerce,know-
howetconcurrence;licences,franchisesettransfertsdetechnologies;commerce
électronique,distributionetdroitdesaffaires;marquage,publicitéetétiquetage;poursuite,
litigeetarbitrage;vérificationdiligenteetaudit;etce,tantauCanadaqu’ailleursdansle
monde.Lamaîtrisedesintangibles.
ROBIC,agroupoflawyersandofpatentandtrademarkagentsdedicatedsince1892tothe
protectionandthevalorizationofallfieldsofintellectualproperty:patents,industrialdesigns
andutilitypatents;trademarks,certificationmarksandindicationsoforigin;copyrightand
entertainmentlaw,artistsandperformers,neighbouringrights;computer,softwareand
integratedcircuits;biotechnologies,pharmaceuticalsandplantbreeders;tradesecrets,
know-how,competitionandanti-trust;licensing,franchisingandtechnologytransfers;e-
commerce,distributionandbusinesslaw;marketing,publicityandlabelling;prosecution
litigationandarbitration;duediligence;inCanadaandthroughouttheworld.Ideaslive
here.
COPYRIGHTER
IDEASLIVEHERE
ILATOUTDEMÊMEFALLUL’INVENTER!
LAMAÎTRISEDESINTANGIBLES
LEGERROBICRICHARD
NOSFENÊTRESGRANDESOUVERTESSURLEMONDEDESAFFAIRES
PATENTER
R
ROBIC
ROBIC+DROIT+AFFAIRES+SCIENCES+ARTS
ROBIC++++
ROBIC+LAW+BUSINESS+SCIENCE+ART
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TRADEMARKER
VOSIDÉESÀLAPORTÉEDUMONDE,DESAFFAIRESÀLAGRANDEURDELAPLANÈTE
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